REQUIRED COURT CASES

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

A case that established judicial review by declaring an act unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Affirmed Congress's power to create a bank and denied states the power to tax it.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Limited free speech during wartime, establishing the 'clear and present danger' test.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Allowed federal courts to decide on legislative apportionment issues.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Ruled that school-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Established the right to free counsel in state courts.

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969)

Protected students' rights to free speech in schools.

New York Times v. United States (1971)

Resisted prior restraint, reinforcing press freedom.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Protected religious freedoms over state educational requirements.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Addressed racial gerrymandering, subjecting it to strict scrutiny.

US v. Lopez (1995)

Limited Congress's commerce power concerning gun-free school zones.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Extended the Second Amendment to the states.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Allowed unlimited corporate spending in elections.