newborns psych 273

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states of arounsal

remsleep(8hrs)

nonremsleep(8hrs)

drowsing(1hr)

awake(alert and active)(2.5hr each)

crying(2hr)

functions of sleep

Reduces energy expenditure in the brain

Metabolic “housekeeping”

Aids the development of the visual and sensorimotor system

Consolidating information

Cultural differences in sleep practices

Cribs common in U.S., while cosleeping is practiced in 90% of the world

Higher rates of co-sleeping within minoritized and immigrant-origin families

Other cultures less concerned with sleep duration than in the U.S.

rem sLEEP

Rapid eye movement

Some movement, facial grimacing

Breathing irregular

Newborns: 8-9 hrs./day

NON rem sleep

full rest

non body activity

breathing slow and regular

newborns 8-9hrs day

childhoodsleep changes

sleep time decreases signficantly specficially rem , wake time increases significantly

SIDS (sudden infant death sydrim)

Unexpected & unexplained death of sleeping infant

Risk factors:

◦ Exposure to smoking/drugs

◦ Prematurity & low birth weight

◦ Poor APGAR scores

◦ Abnormal sleep-wake cycles ◦ Not easily aroused

ABCs of safe sleep

alone

back

crib

drowsiness

Falling asleep/waking up Faster breathing than regular sleep ~1 hr/day

alert awake

◦ Body inactive

◦ Eyes open & attentive

◦ Breathing even

◦ Newborns: 2-3 hrs./day

Active awake

◦ Movement

◦ Breathing irregular

◦ Newborns: 2-3 hrs./day

cyring

babies cry alot , less as they get older, usually in the evening probably cuz their tired w

why cry

direct parens attention (hunger, temperature change)

pain/overstimuluation

response to crying of others

parental responsiveness

Responsiveness is adaptive

◦ Slow response leads to more crying

◦ Shorter crying with constant physical contact Crying is complex stimulus that varies in intensity

reflexes

inborn automated respones to a particular stimulation

moro reflex

in repsones to threat or loss of support makes “embracing“ motion

disapears after 6 months

helps infant climb to mother

Rooting reflex

head turn in response to touch to cheek

disappears at 3 wks

helps infant find nipple

Sucking reflex

automatically adjust sucking pressure

voluntary after 4 moths

permits feeding

palmar grasp reflex

grasp finger pressed into palm

disappears at 3-4mnths

prepars for voluntary grasping

encourages interaction

tonic neck reflex

turn head to one side while lying down in “fencing position“

disapears around 4 mths

prepare for volutary reaching

stepping reflex

when feet touch a surface lift in stepping motion

disapears at 2 months (tied to weight gain)

prepares for voluntary walking

swimming reflex

face down in water will paddle and kick

disappears at 4-6 months

helps infant to survive drop into water

babinski reflex

toes fan out and curl as foot twists in response to stroke on sole

disapears at 8-12 months

unknown funciotn

changes in body size (height)

50 % graeter at 1 year than birth

75% greater by 2 years

changes in body size (weight)

2x birth weight at 5 months

3x at 1 year

4x at two years

cephalcaudal growth trends

“head to tail “

head beofre arms and trunk before legs

proximodistal growth trend

center fo the body outward

control of head and trunk before arms and legs

changes in body proportions

Infancy & Childhood

◦ Head, chest, trunk
◦ Arms & legs
◦ Hands & feet

gross motor development

assciated with moving around the environment

fine motor movements

smaller, presice movements

motor developement within a dynamic system

increasingly complex systems of action

achieved at different ages and in different ways

factors impacting motor development

cns development

bodys movement capacities

childs goals

environmental support

1st milestone of gross motor development

hold head erect when upright

2nd milestone of gross motor development

lifts self by hands

3RD milestone of gross motor development

rolls from SIde to back

4th milestone of gross motor development

rolls from BACK to side

5th milestone of gross motor development

sitting alone

6rh milestone of gross motor development

crawling

different ways of crawling 

Standard

Army

Inchworm
Bear
“Bum shuffling”
Spider
Log roll

7th milestone of gmd

pulling to stand upright

8th milesotne of gmd

walking alone

motor development lead the child to becoming

increasingly upright (to walk , move efficiently n shi)

prereaching

birth to 7wks

poorly coordinated swipes

reaching

2handede reaching 3-4moints

1 handed reaching 7 months

Ulnar Grasp

fingers close against palm

adjust grip to object

4-5 months move objects from hand to hand

Pincer grasp

use thumb and index finger oopposably

9months

esther thelen on dynamic systems apporcah to motor development

views motor development as a self-organizing process where new skills emerge from the complex interplay of multiple interacting systems—including physical, environmental, and cognitive factors—rather than from a predetermined sequence of milestones

how does reaching relate to other aspects of developement

stablizes independent sitting

contributes to visual developement

enhances understanding of developement

motivates self locomotion

culturla variations in motor development 

there are cultures around the world that practice methods that can delay or facilitatemotor developement 

facillitate nigerians - stretch and susepend

delay -mexinca zinacanteco mexicans - swaddle baby 

the US on the falitataing/hindering contiuum

◦ Back sleeping ◦ Tummy time

Parenting practices respond to the needs of the environment

Infants all meet the same milestones on their own timelines