A survey conducted by including every element of the population.
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Cluster
A subgroup (usually geographical) of the population that is representative of the population.
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Cluster sampling
A sampling technique in which the population is divided into clusters and a sample is chosen from one or a few clusters.
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Continuous variable
A (quantitative) variable that can assume any numerical value over a certain interval or intervals.
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Control group
The group on which no condition is imposed.
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Convenience sample
A sample that includes the most accessible members of the population.
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Cross-section data
Data collected on different elements at the same point in time or for the same period of time.
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Data or data set
Collection of observations or measurements on a variable.
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Descriptive statistics
Collection of methods for organizing displaying and describing data using tables, graphs, and summary measures.
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Designed experiment
A study in which the experimenter controls the assignment of elements to different treatment groups.
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Discrete variable
A (quantitative) variable whose values are countable.
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Double-blind experiment
An experiment in which neither the doctors (or researchers) nor the patients (or members) know to which group a patient (or member) belongs.
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Element/Member
A specific subject or object included in a sample or population.
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Experiment
A method of collecting data by controlling some or all factors.
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Inferential statistics
Collection of methods that help make decisions about a population based on sample results.
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Judgement sample
A sample that includes the elements of the population selected based on the judgement and prior knowledge of an expert.
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Nonresponse error
The error that occurs because many of the people included in the sample do not respond.
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Nonsampling errors/Bias
The errors that occur in the collection, recording, and tabulation of data.
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Observation/Measurement
The value of a variable for an element.
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Observational study
A study in which the assignment of elements to different treatments is voluntary, and the researcher simply observes the results of the study.
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Population/Target population
The collection of all elements whose characteristics are being studied.
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Qualitative/Categorical variable
A variable that cannot assume numerical values but is classified into two or more categories.
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Quantitative variable
A variable that can be measured numerically.
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Quota sample
A sample selected in such a way that each group or subpopulation is represented in the sample in exactly the same proportion as in the target population.
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Random sample
A sample drawn in such a way that each element of the population has some chance of being included in the sample.
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Randomization
The procedure in which the elements are assigned to different (treatment and control) groups at random.
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Representative sample
A sample that contains the characteristics of the population as closely as possible.
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Response error
The error that occurs because people included in the survey do not provide correct answers.
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Sample
A portion of the population of interest.
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Sampling frame
The list of elements of the target population that is used to select a sample.
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Sampling/Chance error
The difference between the result obtained from a sample survey and the result that would be obtained from the census.
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Selection error
The error that occurs because the sampling frame is not representative of the population.
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Simple random sampling
When all samples of the same size selected from a population have the same chance of being selected.
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Statistics
Science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data and making decisions.
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Stratified random sampling
A sampling technique in which the population is divided into different strata and a sample is chosen from each stratum.
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Stratum
A subgroup of the population whose members are identical with regard to the possession of a characteristic.
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Survey
Collecting data from the elements of a population or sample.
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Systematic random sampling
A sampling method used to choose a sample by selecting every k-th unit from the list.
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Target population
The collection of all subjects of interest.
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Time-series data
Data that give the values of the same variable for the same element at different points in time or for different periods of time.
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Treatment
A condition (or set of conditions) that is imposed on a group of elements by the experimenter. This group is called the treatment group!
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Variable
A characteristic under study or investigation that assumes different values for different elements.
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Voluntary response error
The error that occurs because a survey is not conducted on a randomly selected sample, but people are invited to respond voluntarily to the survey.
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