unit 3+7 (genetics & nucleic acids)

DNA profiling

method to identify individuals based on DNA profiles compared to an unknown sample

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

lab. technique to make millions of DNA sequence copies -\> analyse dna in investigations

gel electrophoresis

separation of charged molecules by size and charge using an electric field

gene transfer

process of taking a gene from one organism and inserting into a different one

insulin production

mRNA coding for target gene is extracted -\> reverse transcriptase creates coding DNA using restriction enzyme -\> plasmid extracted and cut with same rest. enzyme -\> cDNA and plasmid \= joined using DNA ligase -\> recombinant plasmid \= inserted into host bacteria -\> target protein is extracted + purified to be used as insulin hormone

genetic modification

introduce new characteristics into animal/plant species, because genetic code \= universal

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

genetically modified organism

natural cloning

when asexual reproduction \= new copies of organism

artificial cloning

pluripotent stem cells -\> separated artificially in lab

therapeutic cloning

using differentiated cells -\> create specific tissue/organ

somatic cell nuclear transfer

cells removed from donor + nucleus from eggs is removed and put together -\> put into a surrogate and cloned embryo grows

short tandem repeat, variable tandem repeat

non coding DNA regions w/repeating units

recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

restriction enzyme

enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides

denatured

separate the two strands by raising temp to 90

natural cloning (plants)

stems (strawberries - runners , potatoes - tubers), roots, leaves, bulbs (genetically modified plant leaves - identical to eachother)

natural cloning (animals)

budding: sea anemones + hydra, fission/fragmentation: starfish