Psy exam one

The Four D

Distress ,Dysfunction, Deviance, Dangerousness 

Distress

A person’s internal experience cause a significant degree of discomfort/upset/torment 

Dysfunction

Symptoms results in impairment in an important area of day to day life such as work, school, connection with other people 

Deviance

violation of social norms (cultraully unexpected behavior

Dangerousness

Danger to self or others

Contuum of experience 

Problems in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors vary from typical to disordered

Integrated approach

piecing multiple things together

Modern antiquity (antiquity- something from the distant past; long ago)

Neurotransmitter matter, but mental health depends on whole circuits and systems working together  

epigenetics

Study of changes in gene expression without change in gene sequence

ex: The non anxious rat mom who raised the pup changed the pups genetic variability which helped them be not anxious rats and the grooming the mother did helped release good hormones in the pup Life experiences alter DNA , not necessarily its sequence but rather its form the structure

Single gene disorder

 you have this gene you will have this disorder ( but that a rare set of genes)

Endocrine system

System of glands that produce chemicals called hormones released directly into the blood

hypothalamic -pituitary-adenal axis

fight or flight response

Immune system

Anything that makes your immune system work hard can lead to symptom behavior which can contribute to your mood. 

Operant conditioning

A learning process in which the consequence which follow a response determine whether the behavior will be repeated 

Classical conditioning

Learning by association 

cognitive model 

theories can be researched, clinically useful and effective. Difficult to demonstrate that maladaptive cognitions precede and cause disorders (rather than being the symptoms or consequences of the disorders) and overemphasis on the present. 

Paradigms/models

Equifinality and Multinality

Equifinality

Must consider a number of paths to a given outcome. EX: Delusions ( consider multiple things why someone might be experience a symptom)  

Multinality

Similar initial conditions lead to different end effects. EX: Loss of home during hurricane ( some might develop PTSD, some might relapce in their addiction, some might be fine) 

 Diathesis stress model

Biological , social , psychological

Categorical classification

Does the person have high blood pressure : yes or not

Dimensional classification 

Where does the person’s blood pressure fall on a continuum of measurement? 

Prototypical approach

Identifies essential features of a disorder so that it can be classified, but allows for nonessential variations that do not necessarily change the classification

Differential diagnosis

The process of distinguishing between conditions with similar signs or symptoms

Comorbidity

Defined as two or more disorders for the same person

Positive correlation

describes a relationship between two variables where they tend to move in the same direction

negative correlation

a relationship between two variables where one variable increases as the other variable decreases, indicating an inverse relationship

Epidemiological Research

The study patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and by the factors that influence them 

Prevalence

Proportion of a population that has a disorder at any given time ( in the last year how many adults were seen with depression in boulder) 

Incidence

Number of new cases that occur during some time period ( Every week clinics and hospital submit numbers to disease corporations ( think flu thing)) 

Protective factors

conditions that decreased the likelihood of developing the disorder (lowering the risk) 

Studies large populations

modifiable risk factor

a behavior, condition, or exposure that a person can change to reduce their risk of developing a disease

Causality criteria

Temporality, reversibility, specificity, consistency

The experimental method 

Independent variable and Dependent variable

Independent variable

Manipulated variable

Dependent variable

being observed or measured for change

Causal

Casual relationships can only be determined through experiments

 confounds variables

an extra, unaccounted-for factor in a research study that has a hidden impact on both the independent and dependent variables

Clinical

Treating some symptoms : Randomized clinical trials, Human lab-based studies

Human laboratory studies

Mimic something in the real world for a snapshot of time

Internal validity

Ensuring that changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable

Clinical significance

Clinical: How much change large enough to matter  

Statistically significant

an observed result or difference is unlikely to have occurred by random chance alone and is therefore probably real

Cultural relativism

he view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal; instead, behaviors can be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms. 

Biological approach 2

views disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction.

The psychological approach

views disorders as the result of thinking process, personality styles, emotions, and conditioning

Steven Hayes 

What helped his anxiety was accepting that he would have anxiety attacks and stopped trying to fight them . He developed a new form of psychological therapy called acceptance and commitment therapy or ACT . Such as using mediation 

Behavioral approaches 2

Focuses on how our environment influences and shaped human behavior through the experiences of reinforcement and punishment. 

Third wave approaches 

a movement within Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) that emphasizes acceptance, mindfulness, and the therapeutic relationship to improve well-being by changing how a person relates to their thoughts and feelings, rather than solely trying to change their content

dialectical behavioral therapy

Constant tension between conflicting images or emotions in people prone to certain forms of psychopathology. 

Unified Protocol (UP) for emotional disorders

simplifies and organizes treatment by targeting processes common across multiple disorders

Multiculturalism

A clinician’s efforts to integrate and embrace cultural differences of their clients , while also acknowledging the influence of their culture on how they perceive and respond to clients

Psychodynamic therapists

Unconscious conflicts 

 cognitive therapies 2

therapists assist their clients to construct narratives that correct distorted thoughts to relieve the emotional challenges with which they are associated.

systemic therapy

therapists aim to understand and accept how each member of a system understands reality and which unique narratives describe the current problem

person-centered therapists

• promote a shared and empathetic understanding of clients’ narratives 

psychodynamic therapy 2

clients are encouraged to express painful emotions and thoughts.   

Continuum approach

assessment and diagnosis

How are psychological disorders evaluated

Assessment,Psychological assessments, Criteria based on DSM-5-TR, Symptoms cluster together equal to a syndrome. When symptoms cluster together it equals a diagnosis 

Hippocrates

divided all mental disorders into mania

Melancholia

states of abnormal depression

simple control group

Consisting of participants who do not receive the experimental therapy but are tracked for the same period of time as the participants who do receive the therapy. 

The wait list control group

The participants in this type of group do not receive the therapy when the experimental group does but instead are put on a wait list to receive the intervention at a later date, when the study is completed.

Meta-analysis 

A statistical technique for summarizing results across several studies. 

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

encourages researches to integrate across such methods