Biology Final

Fossil Evidence

Remains of once living organisms show change over time

Transitional Fossils

common ancestor for two groups of organisms

Biogeographical Evidence

range and distribution of plants and animals throughout the world

Anatomical Evidence

using physical characteristics (anatomy) of species to determine relatedness

Homologous structures

all contain the same set of organized bones in similar ways

Biochemical evidence

using DNA sequences and/or chemical compounds of species to determine relatedness

Developmental Biology

Developmental genes shared between species

Hox genes

Control all developmental body plan in organisms

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time

5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg

No mutations, No gene flow, random mating, No selection, no genetic drift

habitat isolation

populations live in different habitats and do not meet

temporal isolation

When two species breed at different times of day, season, or years.

mechanical isolation

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

behavioral isolation

isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior

gamete isolation

sperm cannot reach or fertilize egg

allopatric speciation

the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation

sympatric speciation

one population develops into two or more reproductive isolated groups

Polyploidy

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

adaptive radiation

Member of species invade geographically separate environment

Convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

3 domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Domain Bacteria

Prokaryotic, unicellular, asexual reproduction
Heterotrophic

Domain Archaea

Prokaryotic, unicellular, asexual rep
Extreme environments
Cell wall is different from the bacteria

Domain Eukarya

Eukaryotic organisms
Sexual and asexual rep
Membrane-bound organelles
Unicellular and multicellular

protista

most diverse, marine/freshwater, asexual/sexual, membrane-bound organelles

Fungi

spore reproduction, break down matter, chitin cell walls, most multicellular

Plantae

chloroplasts, have cell walls made of cellulose, photosynthetic, sexual/asexual rep

Animalia

heterotrophic, multicellular, sexual rep, no cell walls

Lytic cycle

Virus infects cell → takes over host machinery → bursts cell open to release

Lysogenic cycle

Virus infects cells → may incorporate its genetic material into it
No immediate proliferation; can occur at a later time

Animal viruses

Enter host cell
Uncoating release viral DNA or RNA

RNA "Retroviruses"

regenerate themselves by reverse transcription

Major characteristics of verterbrates

verterbral column, skull, endoskeleton, internal organs

Major characteristics of mammals

hair, mammary glands, skeleton, internal organs, development

Major human characteristics

bipedal, opposable thumbs

Monocot

one cotydelon, root xylem and phloem in ring, vascular bundles scattered, leaf veins parallel, flowers in threes

eudicot

two cotyledons, root phloem in arms of xylem, vascular bundles in ring, leaf veins net pattern, flowers in fours/fives

microscpore

male gametophyte

megaspore

female gametophyte

sepals

protect the flower bud

petals

attract pollinators

stamen

Male part of the flower

carpel

Female part of the flower

anther

saclike container w/ pollen

filament

the stalk of a stamen

stigma

sticky knob that recieves pollen grain

style

Stalk that supports the stigma

ovary

large base enclosing ovules

apical meristem

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

epidermal tissue

outer covering, replaced by periderm in older plants

parenchyma cells

least specialized, in every plant organ

collencyhma cells

thicker primary walls, flexible support

sclerechyma cells

thick secondary walls w/ lignin, nonliving

xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

sieve-tube members

Cells in the phloem tissue that lack a nucleus, but are long and cylindrical for conducting sugar water.

tracheids

long cells w tapered ends that carry water and minerals up from the roots

cohesion-tension model

explanation for upward transport of water in xylem based upon transpiration-created tension and the cohesive properties of water molecules

Pressure-flow model

Increase in pressure → flow that moves water and sucrose from leaves → roots for storage

Signal transduction

Receptors are activated --\> series of relay proteins → transform for cell machinery --\> cellular response

turgor pressure

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

Auxin

A plant hormone that speeds up the rate of growth of plant cells and causes positive phototropism

Auxin and phototropism

auxin moves to shady side when plant exposed to unidirectional light, binds to membrane receptors leading to proton pump for H+ out of cell , cell wall loosens and turgor pressure increases, then cell enlarges

Gibberellins

growth-promoting hormones, break dormancy

Cytokinins

promotes cell division, dividing tissues of roots, prolong life of flower cuttings

Abscicic Acid

made by green tissue, stress hormone that initiates formation of bud dormancy, ABA has to drop and gibberellins increase, closure of stomata

Ethylene

gas plant hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen

Abscission

stimulates enzymes to cause fruit, leaf, flower drop

Gravitropism

plant growth in a direction influenced by gravity

Statolith

a specialized plastid that contains dense starch grains and may play a role in detecting gravity;

Phototropism

Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.

Thigmatropism

the way a plant grows or moves in response to touch

thigmomorphogenesis

changes in form that result from mechanical disturbance

Nastic movements

plant movements that are not related to the direction of the stimulus

Sleep movements

Changes in the position of plant leaves throughout the course of a day, following the movement of the sun

Circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

photoperiodism

A plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day

short day plants

plants that flower when nights are longer than a critical length

long day plants

these plants flower when nights are SHORTER than a critical length

day-neutral plants

plants whose flowering cycle is not sensitive to periods of light and dark

types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epthelial tissue

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity and forms glands

Connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

Musclar tissue

can contract or shorten, contractile cells have myosin/actin filaments

Skeletal muscular tissue

Tissue attached to bones (voluntary movement), striated

Smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs, non striated

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart, striated, cells bound to each other w/ disks

Nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

open circulatory system

blood flows out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so cells are in direct contact with the blood

closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels

Arteries

carry O2 rich blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart (O2 poor)

Capillaries

exchange materials w/ tissue

Venules

smallest veins

Arterioles

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

Atria

upper chambers of the heart, recieve blood

Ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart, pump blood out of heart

Blood

transports substances to&from capillaries, destroys dangerous organisms, body temp, pH, water, platelets for clotting

RBC

no nucleus, hemoglobin, made in bone marrow

WBCS

larger than red blood cells, inflammatory