Edelman Chapter 20 - School Age

What is the most common health problem in school-age children?

Dental caries, which is four times more prevalent than asthma.

Untreated dental caries

Occur more frequently in poor or ethnically diverse children, and those lacking insurance or access to preventive dental care.

State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

Comprehensive care for children who do not meet Medicaid criteria but come from families too poor to afford private insurance.

What is the leading cause of fatalities in school-age children?

Motor vehicle accidents.

What are some prevention strategies for motor vehicle accidents?

Wearing seatbelts, riding in the back seat, and following street safety rules.

What is a key prevention strategy for bicycle-related injuries?

Wearing a helmet and learning the rules of the road.

How can firearm-related injuries be prevented?

By keeping firearms locked and secure, storing ammunition separately, and reducing gang violence.

What are effective drowning prevention strategies?

Swimming lessons, constant supervision around water, and avoiding roughhousing.

What are some strategies to prevent burns in children?

Installing smoke detectors, creating a home evacuation plan, and using flame-retardant clothing.

What is enuresis?

Involuntary passing of urine, often requiring a urine culture to rule out a UTI.

What are the management strategies for enuresis?

Behavior management and drug therapy.

What is encopresis?

Involuntary passing of stool after age 4, often linked to chronic constipation.

What triggers encopresis?

Stress or emotional disturbances.

What management strategies are recommended for encopresis?

A bowel management program and counseling.

What are common sleep disturbances in school-age children?

Sleepwalking and sleep talking.

Sleepwalking

Normal due to immature nervous system. However, when CNS matures, they will most likely outgrow it

Sleep Disturbances Management

Considering safety, relaxation techniques, Sleep preparation consistency

What factors influence obesity in school-age children?

Genetic factors, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.

Genetic Factors (Obesity)

Have an in increase rare in Black American & Hispanic Children

Environmental Factors (Obesity)

Use of food as reward, lack of physical activity.

What are some management strategies for childhood obesity?

Caloric restriction, physical exercise, peer counseling, habit changes and focusing on healthy lifestyle changes.

Habit changes (Obesity)

Focusing on healthy lifestyle behaviors NOT weight loss. With healthy life choices, weight loss should be slow

What types of toys are appropriate for school-age children?

Beads for jewelry making, jump ropes, sports equipment, and bikes.

At what age do children typically begin smoking?

Around 11 years old, with 6,000 kids trying it every day.

What are major biological changes during school-age years?

Slower growth pace, transition from baby teeth to permanent teeth, and a stronger immune system.

School-age children growth spurts

-Transitioning from baby teeth to permanent teeth

- Tonsils (lymphoid tissue) are larger in children than adults which is normal

- Stronger immune system

What is Piaget's concrete operational stage?

A stage where children learn by manipulating concrete objects and consider others' views (less egocentric) and have an expanded conceptual understanding

What is the nurse's role in managing children with ADHD?

Detection, referral, collaboration on care plans, counseling, and liaising with families.

What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for school-age children?

Industry vs. Inferiority

Industry vs Inferiority

Develop a sense of competence, mastering skills, following rules & gaining approval by being productive and responsible.

What are the stages of Kohlberg's moral development for younger school-age children?

Preconventional stage: Obedience and Punishment Orientation, and Individualism and Exchange.

Obedience and Punishment

Behavior is driven by avoiding punishment

Individualism and Exchange

Behavior is guided by self-interest and rewards

What characterizes the conventional stage of moral development in older school-age children?

Good Boy-Good Girl orientation and Law & Order orientation,

Good Boy/Girl

Behavior seeks approval from others

Law & Order Orientation

Right behavior means doing one's duty, respecting authority, and maintaining social order