CSET Language Arts

How does language develop?

Language develops from primary language acquisition, or secondary language learning.

Psychologists view that primary language is instinctive, what do they believe language is shaped by?

Cognitive and sociocultural influences

What is language?

A communication system based on native rules and symbols (grammar and words) used to convey meaning to children

What are the different stages for early childhood language development?

Child directed speech

Holophrase

Telegraphic Speech

Fast mapping

Private speech

Overregularization

What is child directed speech?

From 0-24 months. Also known as motherese. Caretakers often modify their speech to make it easier for a child to learn language. “baby talk”

Modifying sentence structure, repeating key words, focusing on present objects.

When should a child be expected to speak their first word? First sentence?

First words are often spoken by 12 months, and usually will be a familiar object or person.

First sentence will usually come at 18-24 months and often will be 2 word sentences.

What is a holophrase?

8-12 months. A composite of a one word with gestures to express a complete and meaningful thought.What is

What two types of gestures are correlated with holophrase?

Symbolic and representative

What is a symbolic gesture?

When the toddler uses nonverbal communication to show was something means. Example, shaking their head to mean “no” or blowing on food to say its “hot”

What is a representative gesture?

When a toddler uses nonverbal communication to show they want something. Example, a toddler holds up their empty cup to show they want something to drink

What is telegraphic speech?

2 years old. Early form of speech when a toddler omits certain words in a sentence or simplifies words and phrase. Example, “no hot” meaning the food is too hot to eat

What is fast mapping?

2-5 years old. Mental process in which children are able to use context of a word or phrase to accurately find their meaning. Nouns (objects) are easier to fast map than verbs (actions)

What was the study by Carey and Barlett (1978) used to show fast mapping in children?

Showed the children two balls, one blue and one beige. Asked the children to identify which one was the beige. Since most were already familiar with the color blue, they were able to quickly identify the other ball as beige.

What is private speech?

3 years old. Talking out loud to oneself with no intention of communicating to others. Helps integrate language and thought

What does Lev Vygotsky say about private specch?

That children use private speech to become more competent at language, and that private speech is responsible for all higher levels of intellectual functioning.

What is overregularization?

4-5 years old. When children misuse regular patterns of past tense or plural words. Example, “foots” instead of feet

What theory did Noam Chomsky provide?

Universal language acquisition theoryWhat

What is the universal acquisition theory?

That language is innate and universally inherited by all humans. Chomsky suggests that children are neurologically prewired to learn language. Wat

What is neuroplasticity?

When children are exposed to linguistic construction and pattern of words by hearing people talk, new brain pathways are formed.

What is the critical period for language acquisition?

Begins in infancy and ends in puberty. Each child experiences a “critical period” where they find it easier to learn verbal skills in their native language

When is the most optimal time for a child to acquire language?

The first few years of life

What happens if a child is not exposed to language early in their life?

May show a limited range of language fluency, especially with grammar systems.

What theory did Lev Vygotsky provide?

Vygotsky’s second language acquisition theory

What is Vygotsky’s second language acquisition theory?

Though development is determined by language. To acquire knowledge of a second language, children must think before they are able to form any new ideas. Student must be fully competent in their first language before they can think about the second language.

What theory did Stephen Krashen provide?

Krashen’s second language acquisition theory

What is Krashen’s second language acquisition theory?

Primary language is an unconscious acquisition experience, while secondary language is a conscious learning experience What

What are the stages of secondary language acquisition?

Preproduction

Early production

Speech emergence

Intermediate fluency

Advanced fluency

What is preproduction?

When second language students begin to internalize the english language

What are some characteristics of preproduction?

Minimal or no language or comprehension skills. Typically respond with physical gestures, drawing a picture, or acting it out.

What are some instructional strategies for preproduction?

visual aids

gestures to communicate

simple question prompts

minimal key vocab and phrases

writing exercises that have pictures and simple words

instruction that is sensitive to cultural norms and academic competencies

What is early production?

Limited comprehension and language skills, but can speak familiar one to two word sentences (telegraphic speech)

What are some instructional strategies for early production?

same as preproduction

questions with yes/no or either/or

questions with familiar one or two word response

games and role playing to help with new vocab

fill in the blank exercises (cloze)

What is speech emergence?

question prompts to answer “who what when where why”

question prompts that require a full sentence

ask student to write in a daily journal

games and role playing to illustrate oral and written text

media, technology, and internet to show examples

problem solving using real world examples

What is intermediate fluency?

Advanced command of english language and comprehension. Good command of oral and written communication

What are some instructional strategies for intermediate fluency?

analyzing complex reading, writing, and speaking

paraphrasing, defining, and explaining text

oral presentations and discussions

daily journal

encourage use of media, technology and internet

increase students ability to problem solve in reading and writing assignments

What is advance fluency?

Students have competency in english oral and written communication. Should be fully participating in grade level activities.

What are some instructional strategies for advanced fluency?

All grade level expectations

What is recasting?

repeat what the child said with some addition that add meaning.

What is echoing?

repetition of words/phrases spoken by someone else

What is expanding?

repeating what child said but adding missing words

What is labeling?

using descriptive language to describe interests and actions

What is the zone of proximal development?

The gap between what a student can perform on their own and what the student may need help with

What are the stages of reaing development?

Early emergent: Pre-alphabetic early child→K

Beginning reader: Alphabetic (decoding) K→1

Alphabetic (learning fluency) 2→3

Fluent reader: Orthographic 4→8th

Remedial Reader: no demonstration of reading competency 3→8th

What are the developmental expectations of the early emerging reader?

Rely on reading from picture books. Aware that text progresses from left to right. Recognize distinctive cues in their environment such as letters in their names. Use of private speech.

What reading instructions can you use for early emerging readers?

Phonemic awareness

recognize print concepts in environment

recognize print has meaning

text is read from left to right

make predictions in stories

matching words and sounds

name pictures associated with spoken words

recognize letter shapes in their name

learn the alphabet song

What are the developmental expectations of the beginning reader?

K→1: aware that letters are associated with sound (sound symbol relationship). Begin to identify simple words by decoding CVC words. Can spell with the first and last consonants “ct for cat”

2→3: can recognize words and patterns by sight. Attempt to read using phonics. Can rhyme and blend words.

What reading instructions can you use for the beginning reader?

phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, segmenting, decoding

vocab words, spelling

text comprehension

listening and writing

make predictions about stories

filling in open ended sentences

What are the developmental expectations of the fluent reader?

Can read large units of print and use analogy to decode larger words. Reading accuracy and speed are stressed.

What reading instructions can you use for the fluent reader?

word attack skills

decoding

spelling and vocabulary

fluency

text comprehension

utilizing metacognition

What is phonemic awareness?

awareness and manipulation of individual sounds (phonemes)

How can children show phonemic awareness competency?

Be able to identify and isolate sounds, manipulate sounds, and blend/segment the sounds into words.

Who suggested phonemic awareness instruction strategies for helping students learn to read?

Dr Marilyn Jager Adams

What is phonemic isolation?

isolate individual sounds. /b/ in ball

What is phonemic identity?

identify a common sound among different words

What is phonemic classification?

identify word that sounds different or does not belong

what is phoneme substitution?

replacing a phoneme in a word

What two phonemic awareness strategies have been proven to drive the most success?

blending ang segmenting

What is phonological awareness?

identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken language, such as onsets, rimes, words, and syllables. Rhyming, alliteration, intonation

What is phonics?

understanding there is a relationship between the sound and the written letter (grapheme)

Why is fluency important?

provides a bridge between word recognition and text comprehension

What is the ultimate goal of reading?

comprehension

what is vocabulary?

the words we must know to effectively communicate our thoughts

What are the three tiers of vocabulary?

Basic everyday words

High frequency

low frequency (specific academic fields)

What are some strategies for teaching high frequency vocab words?

Emphasize the meaning of the word

provide repeated exposure to the word through reading texts

introduce word parts

use context clues

use print and digital dictionaries and other reference aids

What is the main reason for administering reading assessments?

to enhance teaching and learning

What do reading assessments help with?

target areas of strengths and weaknesses

monitor student reading development

aid the teacher in planning direct individualized reading instruction that will benefit the student

concepts of print assessment

skill: print conventions of reading

tool: Marie Clay’s concept about print (CAP) assessment

tests emergent reader’s reading readiness. can gain insights about students involvement with printed language. Like knowing the front and back cover of a book, the title, where the story begins, capital and lowercase letters, identify a few letters on the page, recognize spaces have a purpose

phonics inventory

skill: sound decoding

tool: Shefelbine-BPST II and Fry Phonics Pattern Diagnostic

Shefelbine-BPST II tests students knowledge of phonics letter sounds

Fry Phonics Pattern evaluates students application of phonics skills: short and long vowel patterns. Student gets a sheet with letters and words and says the sounds or words each makes.

phonemic awareness assessment

skill: segmentation

tool: Yopp Singer test of phoneme segmentation

tests students ability to segment words. Given 22 common words and has to segment them

phonological awareness test

skill: phoneme deletion

tool: Rosner’s test of auditory analysis skills (TAAS)

teacher will say word like cowboy, and have student say word again without cow.

oral reading assessment

skill: reading fluency and comprehension

tool: frys Oral reading assessment

used to see if students need help decoding words. measures students read words correctly per minute WCPM. if student self corrects within 3 seconds mark correct. compute average amount of errors per minute, subtract average from total word in passage and you have WCPM

reading ability assessment

skill: word recognition, reading ability level

tool: San Diego quick and 40L quick screen reading grade level tests

measure students ability to read in and out of context

spelling inventory

skill: spelling

tool: francine johnstons primary and elementary spelling inventories

tests students ability to spell correctly

What are the three text types and their purposes?

Argument essay- clear and coherent using sufficient evidence and reasoning

Explanatory-informative that compares and contrasts two viewpoints

Narrative-a story, develops real or imagined events and experiences

What I are the different productions and distributions of writing?

Identify grammar and sentence structure errors

Identify writing process and write a clear and coherent essay

Identify supporting reasoning, claims, and evidence in writing assignments

Identify, edit, and revise errors in passage

Use technology to produce and publish a written assignment

How can students use research to build and present knowledge?

collect digital and print research data and information

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support research

What are the different parts of speech?

Noun-a person place or thing

Pronoun-word used as a substitute for a noun (he, she, it, what)

Verb-an action

Adjective-used to modify a noun or pronoun

Adverb-used to modify a verb, adjective or another adverb (very, rather, quickly)

What is grammatical agreement

Based on the concept that words in a sentence must match in number (singular or plurals) gender (feminine or masculine) and person (first, second, or third)

Subject-verb agreement errors

Plural subject goes with plural verb, singular subject goes with singular verb.

Example: Here on the table is an apple and three pears

Noun-pronoun agreement

Number of the pronoun must mast the number of the antecedent (word phrase or clause to which is refers)

Example error: Steve left Steve’s store and forgot to take Steve’s iPad.

Correct way: Steve left his store and forgot to take his iPad.

Pronoun-antecedent error

Errors occur when the number of the pronoun doesn’t agree with the antecedent

Example error: Dr Martin Luther king Jr delivered their speech. Their is plural while the antecedent Dr Martin Luther King is singular

Correct way: “ “ delivered his speech

What is an antecedent

Ante means before. The word in which a pronoun refers.

When do you use who or whom

If him or them fits, then it’s whom

If he or they fits, then it’s who

What is parallel sentence structure

When they have the same matching grammatical structure

Example: He liked swimming, weight lifting, and running.

What is a dangling modifier

An introductory phrase that does not refer clearly or logically to a subsequent modifier.

Example error: Strolling along the beach, a wave suddenly drenched us.

Seems that the wave is doing the strolling. Correct way would be “while we were strolling along the beach, a wave drenched us.”

When should you use a comma

Often used to signal a subtle pause within a sentence

Before a conjunction (and or but)

To set off interrupting or introductory words or phrases (safe in the house, we watched the rain fall outside)

To separate a series of words or word groups

To set off nonessential clauses and phrases (Kim, who dislikes school, is failing English)

To set off appositives (second noun) (Mr Elejandro, a teacher, ran for chairman)

When to use a semicolon

Used to separate two or more words, phrases, or sentences that connect closely related ideas.

To separate main clauses when separation is not done by conjunctions (Ask Joe for the book; he still has it.)

To separate items in a series when there are commas within the items (Dora’s dress was red, blue and green; Lucy’s was lilac and white; and Helen’s was black, tur

When to use an apostrophe

To indicate an omission of a letter or letters. (It’s or I’ve) but can also show possession.

Singular nouns: This is the student’s term paper. Showing one student wrote the paper.

Plural nouns: This is the students’ term paper. Showing more than one student wrote the paper.

These are the students’ term papers. More than one student wrote more than one paper.

When to use Capitalization

First letter of the first word at the beginning of a sentence

Proper nouns and titles

First word within quotes if it’s a complete sentence or a direct quote.

What are the different formats of writing essays?

Standard written essays: argumentative, informative/explanatory, narrative

Research written essays: analytical or argument

What are the five stages for writing

Prewriting

Writing (drafting)

Revising (rewriting)

Editing (proofreading)

Publishing (submitting your paper)

What needs to be included when writing a research paper

Must always cite research sources from ideas, statements, opinions or facts, primary and secondary sources

What does the writer do in pre writing

Plans and organizes what will be written while focusing on task, purpose and intended audience

What is task

Motivation for writing the essay

What is purpose

Function of the essay. Either to inform or persuade.

What is audience

Who will be reading your essay

What are the most common methods of prewriting

Note taking, outlining, and graphic organizers

What is note taking

To brainstorm as many ideas or examples as possible to help evaluate and organize notes before writing the essay

What happens after a student finishes their notes for prewriting

Writer crosses out any ideas they will not use, remaining notes are in order in which they will be addressed in essay

What is outlining

Most traditional method of prewriting. Main advantage is that it clearly organizes the main idea and connects supporting details while arranging the order in which they will be presented