Human Body Systems Study Guide

Nervous System

Controls body functions, sends messages to and from the brain.

Parts of Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves (3 main parts).

Aging in Nervous System

Slower reflexes, memory loss, reduced nerve conduction.

Disorders of Nervous System

Stroke, Parkinson's disease.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing.

Affected Side vs Strong Side (W/C transfer)

Lead with the strong side, support the affected side.

Paraplegia

Paralysis of legs.

Quadriplegia

Paralysis of arms and legs.

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Inspiration

Breathing in (oxygen in).

Expiration

Breathing out (CO out).

Normal Respirations

12-20 breaths per minute.

Musculoskeletal System

Movement, support, protection of organs.

Bones in Body

206 bones.

Atrophy

Muscle wasting.

Contracture

Permanent tightening of muscles/joints.

Autoimmune Disease

Immune system attacks the body (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).

Circulatory System

Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste.

Hypertension

High BP, headaches.

Heart Attack

Chest pain, shortness of breath.

Anemia

Fatigue, pale skin.

Pulse Range

60-100 beats per minute.

Integumentary System

Protects body, regulates temperature, senses touch.

Constrict

Vessels narrow -> less blood flow.

Dilate

Vessels widen -> more blood flow.

Endocrine System

Produces hormones to regulate body functions.

Homeostasis

Balance in body conditions (e.g., temperature, blood sugar).

Types of Diabetes

Type 1: No insulin production; Type 2: Body resistant to insulin.

Most Common Diabetes

Type 2.

Gastrointestinal System

Digests food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.

Fecal Incontinence

Inability to control bowel movements.

Ostomy

Surgery to create an opening.

Stoma

Opening made in the abdomen.

Immune & Lymphatic System

Fights infections, drains fluid, removes waste.

Malignant

Cancerous.

Benign

Not cancerous.

Causes of Cancer

Genetics, environment, lifestyle.

Urinary System

Removes waste from blood through urine.

Urinary Incontinence

Loss of bladder control.

Reproductive System

Produces sex cells, hormones, enables reproduction.

Male Function

Sperm production.

Female Function

Egg production, pregnancy, childbirth.

Disorders of Reproductive System

Prostate cancer (men), endometriosis (women).