General Science

What is the basic unit of life?

Cell

types of cells

• Prokaryotic cells:are simple and have no nucleus

  Example: bacteria
  
  

• Eukaryotic cells: nucleus + organelles

  Example: plants, animals

Cell parts:

Function of the Nucleus

controls cell, holds DNA

cell parts:

Function of the Mitochondria

 powerhouse, makes energy (ATP)

Cell parts:

Function of Ribosomes

Builds proteins

Cell parts:

Function of cytoplasm

jelly-like fluid inside the cell

Reference: plasm is like spasm and when u spasm fluid is involved

Cell parts:

Function of cell membrane

Control what enters/exit the cell

Cell parts:

Function of the cell wall

Found in plants only

rigid outer layer

Cell parts:

Function of chloroplasts

found in plant cells only

photosynthesis (makes glucose)

Cell parts:

Function of vacuoles

stores water/nutrients

Human Body Systems:

circulatory system

Involves:

heart, blood, vessels

Functions: Transports oxygen and nutrients

Human Body Systems:

Respiratory system

Involves:

Trachea (wind pipe)

Lungs

Functions:

transport oxygen in and carbon dioxide out

Human Body Systems:

Digestive system

Involves:

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines

Functions:

breaks down food

Human Body Systems:

Nervous System

Involves:

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Functions:

controls body

Definitions: “This system sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body. The brain is what controls all the body's functions.”

Human Body Systems:

Musculoskeletal system

Involves:

bones and muscles

Functions:

movement/support

Human Body Systems:

immune system

Involves:

white blood cells and antibodies

Functions:

fights infections

Human Body Systems:

Excretory system

Involves: Kidneys, bladder

Functions:

remove waste

Human Body Systems:

Endocrine system

Involves:

glands and hormones

Functions: regulate body processes

Nutrition:

define Carbohydrates

main energy source

carbs are sugar molecules

example: bread or rice

Nutrition:

Proteins

build/repair tissues

google definition: You need protein in your diet to help your body repair cells and make new ones.

examples are meat and beans

Nutrition:

Fats

long-term energy, insulation

a form of body tissue on animals

Nutrition:

Vitamins

• A (vision),

• C (healing, immune),

• D (bones, sunlight source),

• K (blood clotting),

• B-complex (energy, nerves)

Nutrition:

Minerals

• Iron (blood),

• Calcium (bones/teeth),

• Potassium (muscle function),

• Sodium (fluid balance).

Nutrition:

water

Needed for nearly all body functions

Ecology & Environment:

Photosynthesis

CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight → glucose + O₂.

carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose +oxygen

Ecology & Environment:

Cellular respiration

 glucose + O₂ → energy (ATP) + CO₂ + H₂O

glucose + oxygen → energy (ATP) + carbon dioxide + water

Ecology & Environment:

Food chains

Producers (plants) → Consumers (animals) → Decomposers (fungi/bacteria)

Ecology & Environment:

Levels of consumers

Primary (herbivores)

Secondary (carnivores)

Tertiary (top predators)

Ecology & Environment:

Ecosystem balance

Everything depends on everything else

Genetics

DNA

genetic code, double helix.
Stand for deoxyribonucleic

Genetics

Gene

section of DNA controlling a trait

Genetics

Chromosomes

DNA bundles; humans have 46 (23 pairs)

Genetics

Heredity

passing traits from parents to offspring

Genetics

Dominant vs recessive traits

dominant shows if present, recessive only if two copies

Matter

• States of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma.

• Changes of state: melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation.

• Law of Conservation of Mass: matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed.

Atoms & Elements

Atom parts

• Proton (+, in nucleus).

• Neutron (neutral, in nucleus).

• Electron (–, orbits nucleus).

Atoms & Elements

Atomic number

The atomic number = # of protons.

Atoms & Elements

Elements

pure substances (H = hydrogen, O = oxygen)

Atoms & Elements

Compounds

2+ elements chemically combined (H₂O, CO₂, NaCl)

Chemistry Basics

Mixtures

substances physically combined (trail mix, air)

Chemistry Basics

Solutions

mixtures where one dissolves in another (salt water)

Chemistry Basics

Acids

 pH < 7, sour, corrosive

Example: lemon juice

Chemistry Basics

Bases

pH > 7, bitter, slippery

Example: soap

Chemistry Basics

Neutral

pH = 7

Example: pure water

Physics Basics

Force (F)

mass × acceleration (F = ma)

Physics Basics

Work (W)

Force × Distance

Physics Basics

Power (P)

Work ÷ Time

Physics Basics

Energy types

1. Potential (stored).

2. Kinetic (motion).

3. Thermal (heat).

4. Electrical, chemical, nuclear.

Physics Basics

Newton’s Laws

1. Objects stay in motion/rest unless force acts.

2. Force = mass × acceleration.

3. For every action, equal and opposite reaction.

Earth Structure

Layers of Earth

• Crust (outer).

• Mantle (hot, semi-solid rock).

• Outer core (liquid iron/nickel).

• Inner core (solid metal).

Weather & Climate

Water cycle

evaporation → condensation → precipitation → runoff

Weather & Climate

Weather/climate

Weather = short-term

climate = long-term patterns

Weather & Climate

Cloud types

• Cumulus (puffy),

• Cirrus (wispy, high),

• Stratus (flat, layered).

Astronomy

Solar system planets (in order)

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Astronomy

Important facts

• Mercury = closest to sun.
  
  

• Venus = hottest.
  
  

• Earth = only one with liquid water.
  
  

• Mars = “Red Planet.”
  
  

• Jupiter = largest planet.
  
  

• Saturn = rings.
  
  

• Uranus = rotates on its side.
  
  

• Neptune = farthest.

Astronomy

The Moon

controls tides, has phases (new, crescent, quarter, gibbous, full)

Astronomy

Stars

giant balls of gas; Sun = medium-sized star

Astronomy

Gravity

pulls objects toward each other, keeps planets in orbit

Natural Resources

• Renewable: sunlight, wind, water.
  
  

• Nonrenewable: coal, oil, natural gas, minerals.
  
  

• Conservation: recycling, energy efficiency.