LAT II board review

Who performs a health certificate and insurance exam on horses

Veterinarian

Top 5 common horse coat colors

- bay
- chestnut
- gray
- black
- white

What do a Coggins test test for? How often do you perform this test?

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIP)
Yearly

Is a digital pulse a good thing to feel in horses? What can it indicate?

No
Inflammation in the hoof

How long do you count for a HR on large animals

30 seconds

How many fields do you auscultate the lungs in

4

Most common arrhythmia in horses

2nd degree AV block

How long do you listen for rumen contractions/gut sounds

1 minuet

In horses how many areas do you listen to for rumen contraction

4

What are your landmarks when listening to rumen contraction in horses

Behind last rib and before the point of the hip

What side is the rumen on

Left

What do blue gums indicate

Lack of oxygen (hypoxia)

What do pale gums indicate

anemia

What do yellow gums indicate

Icterus

What do brick red gums indicate

shock

Where you test skin turgor on horses

Point of the shoulder

How do you weigh horses

weight tape

What do you place in colic horses

nasogastric tube

where do you measure for a nasogastric tube

last rib

Common cause of ophthalmic issues in horses? What conditions can they have?

Trauma
- recurrent anterior uveitis (moon blindness), cataracts, sarcoids, melanomas, and squamous cell carcinomas

Common cause of lameness in horses?

trauma

5 ways to administer oral meds

- feed additives
- dose syringes
- balling gun
- oral drench
- nasogastric tubing

Most common IM injection site in large animal? Why?

Lateral cervical
Food animals don't produce food from this site

What is the dorsal border for lateral cervical IM injections

Nuchal ligament

What is the ventral border for lateral cervical IM injection

Cervical spine

What is the caudal border for lateral cervical IM injections

Cranial aspect of the shoulder

What IM site should you avoid in nursing foals? Why?

Lateral cervical
Causes neck pain which may result in them being unable to nurse

Max volume for an IM injection

15 mL

Most common IV injection and catheter site in large animal

jugular

What happens if you accidentally hit the carotid artery during a jugular

Seizure, death, collapse, or hematoma

What is the purpose of blood gases

Draw arterial blood to check oxygenation

Ways to collect urine in horses? What way is never performed

- voided sample and catheter
- never use cystocentesis

What characteristic of RBCs is normal in horses and cats

Rouleaux

Are basophils common in cows/ large animal? What do they get confused for?

Yes
Mast cells

How much of a horses blood volume comes from the spleen

1/3

Is it normal for a horse to have high bilirubin concentrations? Why or why not?

Yes
They don't possess a gallbladder

What position is a horse in for an arthrocentesis

Standing and weight bearing

What procedure do you use to test lower airway diseases like asthma

Bronchoalveolar lavage

Where can you obtain a CFS sample from

Lumbosacral
Atlantoocciptal space

What does normal CFS fluid look like? Is there zoonotic potential?

- clear, odorless, no bacteria
- yes, sterile technique when handling CSF fluid

Man made ways for identification in large animal

- heat for freeze branding (horse)
- tattoo (ear or lip)
- microchip
- markings/colors/patterns (THIS IS NATURAL)
- ear tags (cows)
- ear notching (pigs)

What organ are you trying to avoid in an abdominocentesis

spleen

Normal air movement should not be accompanied by what 3 things when auscultating the lungs

- wheezing
- gurgling
- moist sounds

Pulse quality is described in what terms

As strong, bounding, weak, thready, or with other nonspecific terms

What 3 things might cause in increase in temperature and should be considered when taking a TPR

- exercise
- weather
- age

Normal gut sounds/min in a horse

1-3/minute

Normal ruminant sounds/minute in a cow

1-2/minute

During the 4 point auscultation of the gut sounds what is the number scale and what does each number mean

0- no motility heard
+1: hypomotility
+2: normal motility
+3: hypermotility

A cow with ruminal bloat has what classic abdominal shape

"Papple"
Left side is shaped like an apple and right side is shaped like a pear

What body system is most common evaluated and treated by equine practitioners

Musculoskeletal

Besides the 3 basic types of physical exams, what else can be performed

- basic physical exam
- pre purchase exam
- insurance exam

By head: lateral cervical
By butt: gluteal
By back legs: semitendinosus
By chest: pectoral