aqueous solutions and acidity

arrhenius theory of acids and bases

an acid is a substance that ionises in water to form a hydrogen ion
a base is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions

acids - arrhenius

have covalent molecular structure and dont contain hydrogen ions
when dissolved in water, produce hydrogen ions in reaction called ionisation

bases - arrhenius

ionic hydroxide compounds with metal ions and hydroxide ions
when dissolved in water, ions released into solution in reaction called dissociation

limitations to arrhenius’ model

does not explain how certain compounds form acidic or basic solutions when dissolved in water since they have no hydrogen ions or OH groups

bronsted lowry theory

defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors

acid + metal

salt + hydrogen gas

acid + metal hydroxide

salt + water

acid + metal oxide

salt + water

acid + carbonate

salt + water + carbon dioxide gas

acid + hydrogen carbonate

salt + water + carbon dioxide gas

acid + metal sulfite

salt + water + sulfur dioxide gas

base + ammonium salt

salt + water + ammonia gas