CHM 104 Exam 4

Organic Chem, Biochem, and Nuclear Chem

Organic Chem - main molecules and bonding

Carbon - 4 bonds, 0 lone pairs

Hydrogen - 1 bond, 0 lone pairs

Nitrogen - 3 bonds, 1 lone piars

Oxygen - 2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

building blocks of biological systems

structural isomers

same formula, different arragement of bonds

geometric isomers

same formula, same arrangement of bonds, different orientation of bonds in the same space - around a double bond (cis and trans)

alkane

alcohol

alkyne

alkene

carboxylic acid

amine (1, 2, 3)

aldehyde

ketone

aromatic

ether

ester

amide

optical isomers (enantiomers)

mirror images not superimposable , important in biological chemistry

chirality

must have 4 different groups bonded - property of non superimposable images

polarimetry

measure rotation of the plane polarized light (only way to distinguish 2 enantiomers)

carboxylic acid acidity + amine basicity

to produce 1 H+ ion and charge carboxylic acid

amines - weak organic base - + water

to produce 1 OH- and amine of higher property

condensation

2 smaller molecules join —> larger molecule and H2O

hydrolysis

H2O reacts with larger molecule break —> 2 smaller molecules

carboxylic acid + amine (condensation)

amide and H2O (CNOH form) and (CONH break)

amide + h2O (acid catalyzed) (hydrolysis)

carboxylic acid and amine (CONH form) (CNOH break)

carb condensation - alcohol and alcohol (acid catalyze)

ether and H2O

carb hydrolysis- ether + H2O

alchol and alcohol

carboxylic acid + alcohol acid cat. - condens

ester and H2O (C-OR formed and C-OH broken)

**hydrolysis carboxylic acid (acid base cat.)

carboxylic acid and ester

biological nutrients

proteins, carbohydrates, fats

protein purpose

building materials, large structures

muscles, skin, hair, nails, organ tissue

enzymes blood cells

protein polymer and monomer

amino acid and polypeptides

amino acids differ by

polar, nonpolar, acidity, basicity, size, and shape

amino acids in humans

20 different

vary in order

structural and functional diversity

2 pKa values for amino acid

cationic amino - protenated form (low pH)

→ deprotenate once (neutral)

anionic amino acid - pka2 proton off amoniu (basic)

are amino acids chiral? isomers?

YES

peptide bonding

between oh of carboxylic acid group and H of amide to for peptide bond

N and C terminus

protein amide

amino acid condensation

amide

protein amide bond

peptide bond

polypeptide formation

protein

small molecule

beta sheets+ribbons polypeptides or R groups

primary structure

polypeptide chain

secondary structure

alpha helix/beta pleated sheets (h bonds stabilize)

helix w/ R pendant groups

polar and non polar sides based on R groups

beta w/ pendant R groups

tertiary structure

all aspects of how secondary bundles

quaternary structure

more than 1 tertiary structure

protein in body

9 are in body 11 are eaten

protein assembly

condensation joins amides ie to make enzymes and tissue

disassembly

hydrolysis break samides aka food protein digestion —> amino acids —> liver —> reassembly in cells