social problems exam 2

chapter 3 - alcohol and other drugs

in the united states, why are cultural definitions of drug use contradictory

condemning it, on the one hand (e.g. heroin) yet encouraging and tolerating it on the other hand (e.g. alcohol)

what percent of the people who smoke cigarettes are from low and middle income countries

80

what percent of the adult population smokes cigarettes

20

3.5 to 7.0 percent of the worlds population is how many people

162 to 324 million people

what ages reported using at least one illicit drug in the previous year

15 and 64

globally, what percent of the worlds population between the ages 15 and 64 reported using at least one illicit drug in the previous year

3.5 to 7.0

what’s an illicit drug

illegal

drugs have an adverse consequence for

the individual and/or society

drugs have the potential to be

abused

drugs have a direct effect on the user’s

physical, psychological, and/or intellectual functioning

sociologically, what term refers to any chemical substance that has a direct effect on the user’s physical, psychological, and/or intellectual functioning; has the potential to be abused; and has an adverse consequences for the individual and/or society?

drug

in the 1800s and early 1900s, what was routinely used in the medicines as a pain reliever

opium

in the 1800s and early 1900s what was taken as a treatment for dysentery and fatigue

morphine

in 2015, the recreational use of marijuana was legal in what four states but still remains illegal under federal law

Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, and Washingtion

occurs when acceptable social standards of drug use are violated, resulting in adverse physiological, psychological, and/or social consequences

drug abuse

refers to a condition where drug abuse is compulsive; users are unable to stop

chemical dependency

various theories provide explanations for why some people

use and abuse drugs

theories of drug use explain how

structural and cultural forces as well as biological and psychological factors influence drug use and society’s responses to it

is a response to weakening of societal norms (anomie)

drug abuse

drug use is a response to the absence of a perceived bond between

the individual and society

a recent study on attitudes and drug use concluded that the dramatic increase in teenage use of prescription drugs is the result of

lax attitudes and beliefs of parents and caregivers, parents not effectively communicating the dangers, and parents not safeguarding the prescriptions at home

drug use is a response to

political, social, and power inequality

drug use is an escape from alienation

from work, friends and family, and frustration caused by inequality

who influences the legal definition of drug use

most powerful members of society

if the label “drug user” is internalized

drug use will continue or even escalate

how do drug users learn motivations and techniques of drug use

through interactions with others

what may be used for political and economic agendas (example the D.A.R.E. campaign against drugs)

symbols

may predispose an individual to alcoholism

genetics

T/F - some individuals are physiologically “wired” to get more pleasure from drugs than others

TRUE

T/F - some personality types are more susceptible to drug use

TRUE

drug use results in pleasurable experience

positive reinforcement

drug use reduces pain, anxiety, loneliness, and boredom

negative reinforcement

drug use reduces

pain, anxiety, loneliness, and boredom

between 2002 and 2013, the rate of current alcohol use among ___ to ___ year olds decreased steadily

12 to 17

remains the most widely used and abused drug in america

alcohol

64% of US adults drink alcohol preferring

beer to win, and wine to liquor

heavy drinking

5 or more drinks on the same occasion on each of five or more days in the past 30 days prior to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health

binge drinking

5 or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days prior to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health

nearly 9 million current users of alcohol who were 12 to 20 years old (underage) got their alcohol for free from

adults, many parents

how many underage drinkers were binge drinkers and how many were heavy drinkers

14%; 3.7%

what % of the 1 billion smokers in the world live in low or middle-income countries

80

what is one of the most widely used drugs in the United States

tobacco

what % out of 66.9 million americans 12 and older are current tobacco users

25.5

in 2014, more 8th, 10th, and 12th graders used ____ than conventional cigarettes or any other tobacco product

e-cigarettes

percent of 10th graders using e-cigarettes compared to conventional cigarettes

16; 7

although the safety of e-cigarettes remains unknown, only percent of 8th graders believe they are harmful

15

e-cigarette smokers are replacing the _____ with _____ to eliminate odor of the drug

liquid nicotine with marijuana oil

marijuana smoking is now taking place in locations previously unheard of including

schools, malls, public walkways, and restaurants

psychotherapeutic drugs

non-medical use of any prescription pain reliever, stimulant, sedative, or tranquilizer

out of the US population, how many people 12 and older are reported current users of psychotherapeutic drugs

6.8 million people, 2.6%

more than 24.6 million people in the United States are current illicit drug users, representing 9.4% of the population ages 12 and older

true

users of illegal drugs, although varying by type of drug used, are more likely to be

male, to be young, and to be a member of a minority group

most commonly used and trafficked illicit drug

marijuana

globally, there are between 177 and 227 million marijuana users, representing 4% of the world’s 15 to 64 year old population

true

regionally, marijuana is the most dominant illicit drug, particularly in

north america

there are more than ___ million current marijuana users, representing ____ of the U.S. population 12 and older

19.8; 7.5%

is classified as a stimulant and produces feelings of excitation, alertness, and euphoria

cocoaine

what is cocaine made from

coca plant

1.5 million americans 12 years and older are current cocaine users representing 0.6% of the population

true

a crystalized product made by boiling a mixture of baking soda, water, and cocaine

crack

crack is also called ___ ___ ___ and is relatively inexpensive and was not popular until the mid-1980s

rock, base, and gravel

why do crack dealers often give drug users their first few “hits” free

they know the drugs intense high and addictive qualities are likely to produce returning customers

methamphetamine is also called

meth, speed, or crank

a central nervous system stimulant that can be injected, snorted, smoked, or ingested orally and is highly addictive

methamphetamine

the use of meth has steadily decreased over the last decade

true

for those who use methamphetamine, the _____ transformation is remarkable

physical

a painkiller and is the most commonly abused opiate drug

heroin

highly addictive, heroin can be

injected, snorted, or smoked

if intravenous injection is used, the euphoric effects of heroin are felt within

7-8 seconds

if heroin is snorted or smoked, the effects are felt within

10-15 minutes

synthetic drugs

a category of drugs that are “designed” in laboratories rather than naturally occurring in plant material

synthetic marijuana use is higher in the US than in other parts of the world

true

highly addictive synthetic stimulants

bath salts

bath salts are also known as

zoom, cloud nine, blue silk, and hurricane charlie

hallucinogens include

LSD and ecstasy (MDMA)

it is estimated that ___ in ____ U.S. children live with at least one parent in need of treatment for drug or alcohol dependency

1 in 10

children raised in such homes are more likely to

live in an environment riddled with conflict, have a higher probability of physical illness including injuries or death from automobile accidents, and are more likely to be victims of child abuse and neglect

the drug behavior of individuals arrested, incarcerated, and in drug treatment programs also provides evidence of a link between

drugs and crime

sociologists disagree to whether drugs actually “cause” crime or whether, instead,

criminal activity leads to drug involvement

in addition to the hypothesized crime-drug use link, some criminal offenses are defined by use of

drugs, possession, cultivation, and production and sale of controlled substances; intoxication; drunk and disorderly conduct; and driving while intoxicated

a report by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA 2009) set the total annual cost of substance abuse and addiction in the United States at $467.7 billion

true

the report contends that, for every dollar spent on drug abuse by federal and state governments

95.6 cents went to shoveling up the wreckage and only 1.9 cents on prevention and treatment, 0.4 cents on research, 1.4 cents on taxation or regulation and 0.7 cents on interdiction

in alabama a woman can be charged with “_____ _____” if she uses a controlled substance while pregnant

chemical endangerment; alabama code 2015

is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the world

cigarette smoking

according to the World Health Organization, how many of all tobacco users, 6 million people, will die from its use. if nothing changes it could rise to 8 million by 2030

half

americans who smoke are 2x as likely to develop

coronary heart disease and/or have a stroke

is responsible for over 3.3 million deaths, 6% of all deaths

alcohol abuse

kills more people than AIDS, tuberculosis, or violence, and is annually responsible for 88,000 deaths in the United States

alcohol

is associated with one of the leading preventable causes of birth defects and developmental disabilities in children

maternal prenatal alcohol use

a syndrome characterized by serious physical and mental handicaps, including low birth weight, facial deformities, mental retardation, and hearing and vision problems

fetal alcohol syndrome

although not something usually considered, the production of illegal drugs has a tremendous impact on the

environment

much of the impact is a consequence of the cultivation of

marijuana, cocaine, and opium

in 2013, 21.6 million people aged 12 or older were classified as either

dependent on or abusers of alcohol or illicit drugs

individuals seeking treatment have several options:

family therapy counseling, private and state treatment facilities, community care programs, pharmacotherapy, behavior modification, drug maintenance programs, and assistance programs

refers to treatment of drug dependence in a hospital and most importantly includes medical supervision of detoxification

inpatient treatment

the longer patients stay in treatment

the greater the likelihood of a successful recovery

offenders who were least likely to complete treatment

had a history of significant problems with their mothers, had problems with their sexual partners in the 30 days prior to admission to the program, had longer periods of incarceration, had used heroin in the 30 days prior to admission to the program, were younger in age than those who successfully completed the program

are voluntary associations whose only requirement is the desire to stop drinking or taking drugs

alcoholics anonymous and narcotics anonymous

AA and NA are self-help groups in that

nonprofessionals operate them, offer “sponsors” to each new member, and proceed along a continuum of 12 steps to recovery

are special courts that divert drug offenders to treatment programs in lieu of probation or incarceration

drug courts