100 Psychologists

Plato

(428-348 BC) Wanted an Aristocracy of intelligence and believed knowledge was innate or within. Had Dialogues in ethics, beauty and religion. Mind is separate from body and continues on after death. He was also a student of socrates. Balance in spirit, reason and appitite.

Zeno

(334-263 BC) Came up with stoicism, believed logic was the key to life. Stoicism= temperance, courage, justice, and wisdom

Wilhelm Wundt

german psychologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 born in (1832-1920) Father of modern psychology.

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Principles of Psychology

Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalysis (1856-1939) austrian neurologist. ID, EGO, SUPEREGO. oedipus complex, psychosexual, defense mechanisms.

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate, and could exist separately; known as father of modern rationalism. Dualism, mind over matter.

Socrates

(469-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Believed that knowledge was innate or within. Came up with the socratic method.

Edward Titchener

"Father of Structuralism" - Englishman who used introspection to study consciousness. Went to Cornell university, 40,000 senses.

Margret Floy Washburn

The first women to earn a psychology degree and the second female apa member. Interested in animal minds. She was a structuralist and a behaviorist. Student of Titchener, also cognative.

Alfred Binet

1857-1911; Created IQ tests, Studied under charles darwin. Cognative and developmental psychology (French)

John Locke

(1632,1704) English psychologist cognative, and behaviorist. Tabula Rosa- mind is a blank slate.

Aristotle

(384- 322) Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system. He believed that knowledge was learned over time through experience and memories.

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882). Used finches, plants, and apes to prove his theory

B.F. Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box, Operant conditioning

Epicurus

believed that great happiness and pleasure could be achieved through the avoidance of pain and fear, Founder of Epicureanism. Humanistic and developmental. Focus on friendship and not relationships.

Francis Galton

interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement. (1822-1911) was a British scientist.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words. Cognative and funtionalist

Franz Joseph Gall

phrenology: specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain. Born in 1758-1828 in germany. Biological and functional.

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her gender (later, posthumously, it was granted to her) Humanism, cognative

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. american pragmatist- logic. 1859-1952

G. Stanley Hall

first american to work for Wundt; • Founded the American Psychological Association (now largest organization of psychologists in the USA) Founded the first American psychology lab in 1883. Evolutionist, adolescence 1904.

Carl Wernicke

an area of the brain (in the left temporal lobe) involved in language comprehension and expression was named for him because he discovered it. Sensory aspacia-It's when the person can talk but words and comprehension are jumbled.

John B. Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat. behaviorist and conditioning.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher who developed scientific method; believed that instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorites, scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature; wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade

Diogenes

an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC)

Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

Francis Cecil Sumner (1895-1954)

The "father" of African American psychology

Hermann Rorschach (switzerland)

1884-1922; Field: personality, psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary

Jean Piaget (switzerland)

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

She provided scientific underpinnings for the feminist movement refuting some of the notions of male superiority.

Wolfgang Kohler (estonia, germany, us)

Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.

Mamie and Kenneth Clark (developmental)

*Conducted research on African-American children's self-conceptions and identity (1939) Doll experiment

*Kenneth Clark (1971) first African-American president of APA

Karen Horney

1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, Theory of neurosis, womb envy, combating freuds penis envy

Ernest Hilgard

Studies showing that a hypnotic trance includes a "hidden observer" suggesting that there is some subconscious control during hypnosis.

Raymond Cattell (UK)

intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test) Cognitive

Gorden Allport

Personality/Trait- Cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits (situational). Developmental, Humanistic

Noam Chomsky

language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language. (Cognative, Biological, Developmental)

Solomon Asch

1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures. Behavior, Social

Ulrich Neisser (1967) German American

wrote the first cognitive psychology textbook 1967, Father of cognitive psychology.

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) Behaviorism

Dorthea Dix

woman who pushed for changes in the treatment of the mentally ill and founded 32 mental hospitals. Humanistic and Clinical

Albert Bandura (canadian american)

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play. when adults where aggressive with the dolls the children were even more agressive.

Herbert Simon

Cognitive psychologist who earned a Nobel prize for research about problem solving.

Robert M. Yerkes

• Mostly famous for his work with primates & the Yerkes Dodson Law (Arousal/performance)

Paul Broca

discovered area in the brain (named for him) in the left frontal lobe responsible for language production

Erik Erikson (american german)

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

Hugo Munsterberg

father of industrial psychology

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation.

Edward Tolman

• Theory: Cognitive behaviorism

• Concepts: Latent learning, cognitive maps

• Contributions: Sign learning theory

• Research: Maze learning experiments

• Influence: Cognitive psychology, educational psychology

Carol Dweck

• Theory: Growth Mindset vs. Fixed Mindset

• Research: Impact on learning, motivation, and success

• Book: "Mindset: The New Psychology of Success"

• Professor: Stanford University

• cognitive developmental

Helen Brradford Thompson Woolley

• Contributions: Research on sex differences, child development

• Founded the first psychology lab at a women's college

• Advocated for women's education and professional opportunities

• Developmental and Feminist

Elizabeth Scarborough

feminist psychologist

was a historian of psychology, whose studies of late-19th- and early-20th-century women psychologists

Edward L. Thorndike

• Behaviorism pioneer

• Law of Effect: behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened

• Puzzle box experiments with cats

• Connectionism theory: learning is forming connections between stimuli and responses

• Influenced operant conditioning theory

Robert Strenberg

• Triarchic theory of intelligence: analytical, creative, practical

• Theory of successful intelligence: analytical, creative, practical skills

• Cognitive styles: legislative, executive, judicial

• Research on love and relationships

• Contributions to educational psychology

Alfred Adler

• Founder of individual psychology

• Emphasized social factors in personality development

• Introduced concepts like inferiority complex and birth order

• Believed in the importance of striving for superiority

• Stressed the significance of the individual's subjective perception

Paul Costa

• Austria

• Developed the Five Factor Model of Personality

• OCEAN

• Emphasized the importance of personality traits in understanding behavior

• Contributed significantly to the field of personality psychology

Robert McCrae

• Developed the Five Factor Model of Personality

• Co-founder of the Five Factor Theory

• Research focuses on personality traits and aging

• OCEAN

Mary Ainsworth

• Canadian- American

• Attachment theory

• Strange Situation procedure

• Secure attachment

• Insecure attachment (avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized, Anxious)

• Contributions to developmental psychology

Gustav Fechner

Polish- Switz

• Known for: Founder of psychophysics

• Fechner's Law: Relationship between physical stimuli and psychological sensation

• Absolute threshold: Minimum stimulus needed for detection

• Weber-Fechner Law: Relationship between physical changes and perceived differences

• Elements of Psychophysics: Book outlining his theories

David Hubel

• Canadian

• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: 1981

• Research on visual processing in the brain

• Discovered feature detectors in the visual cortex

• Studied neural mechanisms of vision in cats

• Worked with Torsten Wiesel on visual cortex organization

Torsten Wiesel

• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: 1981

• Research focus: Visual processing in the brain

• Co-discovered ocular dominance columns in visual cortex

• Worked with David Hubel on visual system development

• Born: June 3, 1924 in Sweden

Michael Gazzaniga

• Known for split-brain research

• Pioneered study of brain lateralization

• Co-founded the field of cognitive neuroscience

• Professor at UC Santa Barbara

• Received numerous awards for his work

Robert Sperry

• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: 1981

• Split-brain research pioneer

• Studied brain hemispheres' functions

• Callosal section experiments

• Brain lateralization research

Ernest Weber

• German 1795-1878

• Weber's Law: ΔI/I = k

• Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

• Sensory Thresholds

• Two-point Thresholds

John Garcia

American psychologist

• Known for research on taste aversion

• Demonstrated that animals can learn to associate taste with illness

• Challenged prevailing theories of learning

• His work influenced fields of psychology and biology

Robert Rescorla

• Key Contributions:

  • Rescorla-Wagner Model

  • Studies on classical conditioning

• Research Focus:

  • Animal learning

  • Behavioral psychology

• Academic Background:

  • Ph.D. from Stanford University

• Influential Publications:

  • "Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry"

• Honors:

  • American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award

Richard Shiffrin

• Developed the Atkinson-Shiffrin model

• Pioneer in cognitive psychology

• Search of association memory model

• Professor at Indiana University

• Received numerous awards and honors

George A. Miller

• Austrian

• Known for: Cognitive psychology

• Neuroplasticity

Eric Kandel

• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000

• Research on the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons

• Studied synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation

• Worked on the role of neurotransmitters in learning and memory

• Pioneered the field of molecular biology of memory

Amos Tversky

• Israeli

• Cognitive and Behavorist psychologist

• Known for his work on decision-making and cognitive biases

• Heuristics= representativeness, avaliability, anchoring

• Collaborated with Daniel Kahneman on prospect theory

Daniel Kahneman

Prospect theory: Describes how people make decisions under uncertainty

Israeli

• System 1 and System 2 thinking: Fast, intuitive vs. slow, deliberate

• Best-selling author: "Thinking, Fast and Slow"

• Cognitive biases: Availability heuristic, anchoring effect

Richard Atkinson

Elizabeth Loftus

• Occupation: Cognitive psychologist

• Known for: Research on memory distortion and false memories

• Contributions: Influence on eyewitness testimony, implanting false memories

Steven Pinker

• Cognitive psychologist

• Known for research on decision-making and behavioral economics

• Nobel Prize in Economics in 2002

• Author of "Thinking, Fast and Slow"

• Coined the term "heuristics and biases"

Benjamin Lee Whorf

• Field: Linguistics

• Known for: Whorfian hypothesis

• Theory: Language shapes perception

• Influence: Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

• Impact: Cognitive science

• Research: Native American languages

William Masters

• Developed the Masters and Johnson sexual response cycle

• Conducted groundbreaking research on human sexuality

• Founded the Masters and Johnson Institute

• Published influential books on sex therapy

• Pioneered the field of sexology

Virginia Johnson

• Co-founder of the Masters and Johnson research team

• Pioneer in the field of human sexuality research

• Published groundbreaking studies on sexual response and dysfunction

• Developed the concept of the sexual response cycle

• Collaborated with William Masters on influential research

• Advocated for sexual education and therapy

• Contributions revolutionized understanding of human sexuality

Hans Seyle

• Key Information:

• General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

• Stress as a physiological response

• Father of stress research

• Eustress vs. distress

• Stressors can be physical or psychological

Konrad Lorenz

Key Contributions: Founder of ethology, studied animal behavior

• Notable Concepts: Imprinting, fixed action patterns

• Behaviorist

• Legacy: Influenced fields of biology, psychology, and zoology

Harry and Margret Harlow

• • Known for their studies on social isolation and maternal separation in monkeys

  • Demonstrated importance of contact comfort in attachment

  • Challenged prevailing beliefs on attachment theory

  • Influenced understanding of child development and caregiving practices

Stanley Schacter

• • American psychologist

  • Known for his work on emotion and cognition

  • Developed the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

  • Studied the effects of adrenaline on emotion

Lev Vygotsk

• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Range of tasks a child can perform with help

• Scaffolding: Support provided by adults to help children learn

• Social Interaction: Crucial for cognitive development

• Cultural Tools: Language, symbols, and other cultural artifacts shape thinking

• More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): Someone who helps a child learn, like a teacher or parent

Diana Baumrind

• Parenting styles: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive

• Authoritative parenting: High responsiveness, high demandingness

• Authoritarian parenting: Low responsiveness, high demandingness

• Permissive parenting: High responsiveness, low demandingness

Carol Gilligan

• Key Ideas:

  • Ethics of Care

  • Different voice in moral reasoning

  • Critique of Kohlberg's stages of moral development

• Influence:

  • Feminist ethics

  • Gender studies

  • innovative views on the development of women's morality and sense of self, which she detailed in her 1982 book In a Different Voice.

Lawrence Kohlberg

• Theory of moral development

• 6 stages of moral reasoning

• Based on Piaget's cognitive development theory

• Emphasized moral reasoning over behavior

• Criticisms: cultural bias, gender bias

Martin Seligman

• Founder of positive psychology

• Known for research on learned helplessness

• Developed the PERMA model of well-being

• President of the American Psychological Association

• Author of "Authentic Happiness" and "Learned Optimism"

Charles Spearman

• Developed the concept of general intelligence (g factor)

• Introduced factor analysis in psychology

• Proposed two-factor theory of intelligence (g factor and s factor)

• Spearman's rank correlation coefficient measures strength of association

• Pioneer in psychometrics and intelligence testing

L.L Thurstone

• Contributions: Developed the theory of multiple intelligences

• Theory: Proposed the concept of primary mental abilities

• Methodology: Pioneered factor analysis in psychology

• Impact: Influential in the field of psychometrics

• Legacy: Founded the Psychometric Society

Lewis Terman

• Known for: Stanford-Binet IQ test

• Developed: IQ concept of mental age

• Conducted: Longitudinal study on gifted children

• Coined: Term "giftedness"

• Published: Genetic Studies of Genius

• Birth: January 15, 1877

• Death: December 21, 1956

David Wechsler

• Developed Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

• Created Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

• Emphasized non-verbal intelligence in tests

• Introduced concept of IQ scores

• Influential figure in psychology and intelligence testing

Howard Gardner

• Theory of multiple intelligences: 7 types

• Intelligence is diverse and not fixed

• Criticized traditional IQ testing

• Harvard professor

• Published "Frames of Mind"

Aaron Beck

• Cognitive triad: Negative thoughts about self, world, future

• Cognitive distortions: All-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization

• Cognitive therapy: Identify and challenge negative thoughts

• Beck Depression Inventory: Self-report questionnaire for depression

• Father of cognitive therapy

Joseph Wolpe

• Developed systematic desensitization therapy

• Pioneer in behavior therapy

• Founder of psychotherapy research

• Emphasized exposure therapy

• Introduced reciprocal inhibition concept

Mary Cover Jones

• Known for: Pioneer in behavior therapy

• Famous for: Little Peter study

• Contribution: Counterconditioning technique

• Impact: Laid foundation for exposure therapy

• Approach: Systematic desensitization technique

Albert Ellis

• Founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

• Emphasized the role of irrational beliefs in causing emotional distress

• Developed the ABC model (Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences)

• Advocated for cognitive restructuring to change irrational beliefs

• Influential figure in the field of psychotherapy

Leon Festinger

• Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: People seek consistency in their beliefs and attitudes

• Social Comparison Theory: Individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others

• Founder of social psychology

• Studied group dynamics and social influence

• Published influential works in the field of psychology

Stanley Milgram

• Experiment: Obedience to Authority

• Participants: 40 males aged 20-50

• Findings: 65% obeyed authority to administer max shock

• Ethical concerns: Deception and psychological harm

• Impact: Controversial study on obedience and conformity

Philip Zimbardo

• Stanford Prison Experiment: Controversial study on role-playing behavior

• Time Perspective Theory: Future-oriented, present-oriented, or past-oriented individuals

• Social Influence: Research on conformity and obedience

• Lucifer Effect: Book exploring how good people turn evil

• APA President: Served as president of the American Psychological Association