CO1 SS01

Social Science

• defined as the study of human society

• deals with human behavior and reaction to the environment

• branch of science that deals with the institutions, functioning of human society and the interpersonal relationships of individuals

Society

• a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making
  decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be done. All the people in a country, or in several similar countries, can be referred to as a society

• a formal association of people with similar interests

Broader sense involves: Social

actions and interactions

Broader sense involves: Cultural

practices and traditions

Broader sense involves: Political

power relations

Culture

all the knowledge and values shared by a society

Politics

study of government of states and other political units

Anthropology

is the study of humankind in all times and places by focusing in the interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of the human experience

Henry Otley Beyer, Felipe Landa Jocano, Peter Bellwood

Prominent people contributed to Philippine Anthropology

Archaeology

most common subfield of anthropology which deals with the study of human and society through the recovery and rediscovery of material remains and artifacts to explain present practices, beliefs and way of life.

Physical

• field of anthropology

• referred as biological anthropology

• deals with biological organisms considering their origin, evolution and development, differentiation and diversities, and adaptation

Cultural

• field of anthropology

• evolutionary process of society and culture as an integrated whole

• deals with the structure of society and the traditional practices of the community that sets it apart from others

Linguistic

• field of anthropology

• language patterns that reflect the structure and characteristic of a community

• deals with the historical development of a society’s language as means of communication and preservation of their practices and traditions

Common issues on Sociology

family relations such as separation and divorce, their impact on the family, population and its relationship to poverty, and the practice of local traditions in modern society, et

Common issues on Anthropology

Philippine anthropology includes lack of archaeological discoveries that date back to the primitive era that can be used to explain the human evolution and present human behavior as a reaction to his evolving environment

Serafin Egnidio Macaraig, Randolf S. David, Mario J. Aguja

Prominent people contributed to Philippine Anthropology

Social Change

• field of sociology

• Understanding society as an institution by focusing on social organization and disorganization as a consequence to the change of environment

Sociology

• deals with the study of behavior of the society and the social interactions taking place in it

• deals with understanding behavioral changes, developments, improvements, manifestations and reactions of the society as a whole

• Mother of all Social Sciences

Population Studies

• field of sociology

• composition of the population as they significantly influence the existing economic, political, and social system

Sociological Research

• field of sociology

• rediscovery and redevelopment of sociological findings as a way of explaining and understanding social phenomena

• involves the use of research tools to scientifically study the cause and effect of the sociological event

Social Organizations

• field of sociology

• formation of social groups, institutions and their behaviors

• focuses on how social groupings are formed and the different characteristics of each group in relation to other groups

Social Psychology

• field of sociology

• human behavior as an outcome of individual personality and collective behavior

• personal experiences of members of the society in explaining and understanding their behavior towards the society

Political Science

• deals with issues of state, governance, leadership, bureaucracy and its interaction with its citizens

• systematic study of government and politics

• makes generalizations and analyses about political behavior and uses these results to predict future behavior.

Common issues on Political Science

Philippines include forms of government and leadership, political and constitutional change, human rights, national territory, peace and order, election, and people participation in governance and government, etc

Dr. Jose Rizal, Teodoro M. Kalaw, Remegio E. Agpalo

Prominent Filipino Political Scientists

Political Theory

• field of political science

• Origins and purposes of the state governance by using different philosophical perspective as its foundation

Public Law

• field of political science

• structure and the law of the state and government particularly in its duties, responsibilities and limitations

Public Administration

• field of political science

• techniques and methods used in the management of the government

• deals with the operationalization of the government by looking at the interaction between the executive, legislative and judicial branch of government

Culture

• complete whole that includes knowledge, belief, arts, laws, custom, and habits acquired by an individual as member of the society

• person’s social identity

• person’s history, social heritage, customary way of life

• constantly changing and can be easily lost in time

Filipino Culture

• reflection of rich colonial past

• considered as a mixture of different colonial practices that were shared to us by our colonizers

• traditions and customary practices are remnants of our colonial history

Tangible Heritage

type of cultural heritage that can be immovable, movable or underwater

Intangible Heritage

type of cultural heritage that includes oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, knowledge and skills

Natural Heritage

type of cultural heritage that includes natural sites with cultural aspects such as landscapes etc

Non-material Culture

• refers to something that is abstract and intangible that can influence human behavior

• includes knowledge, social norms, and folkways, mores, laws, pop culture, values and beliefs

Material Culture

refers to something that is physical tangible

Knowledge

• elements of culture (non-material)

• range of what a person has learned, acquired or experienced

• serve as the person’s basis for judgment and action

• education is the common source of this

Norms

• elements of culture (non-material)

• guides or models of right behavior in a certain situation or environment

• promotes social control and prescribe acceptable behavior

• entails consensus, common ground, or restrictions which can be enforeced

• differ from place to another / from one community to another

Mores and Laws

• elements of culture (non-material

• expected behavior in the society that demands compliance to ensure the welfare of the people

Mores

• elements of culture (non-material)

• something to do with morality

• based on ethical and moral values that if not followed imply value-consequences

Laws

• elements of culture (non-material)

• formalized rule created by people in authority whcih should be followed by all the citizens

• cannotes more compelling power for it implies stricter punishments for non-compliance

Folkways

• elements of culture (non-material)

• habitual ways or patterns of living

• repetitive and customary ways that we do on daily basis

Pop Culture

• elements of culture (non-material)

• refers to the social crazes, fashion and fads that connote compliance at the time they became popular “fly-by-night culture

Values

• elements of culture (non-material)

• basis of person’s judgement of what is right or wrong

• indicated priorites and used as bases in telling when once life is turning out the way you wanted

• can be very subjective, what can be valuable

• change over time

Beliefs

• elements of culture (non-material)

• individual perception of acceptable and reality

• set the foundations for mores and other religious faith or practices

• stock of knowledge that can serve as a person’s basis of jusgement

Technology

• elements of culture (material)

• material creations that make our lives better and easier to manage

Cultural Universal

• Unity in Diversity - elements of culture (material)

• practices that apply to all or being shared by all the members of the society

Ethnocentrism

• Unity in Diversity - elements of culture (material)

• tendency to judge other cultures in reference to one’s culture

Xenocentrism

• Unity in Diversity - elements of culture (material)

• who believe that their culture is inferior to others which lead to the rejection of one’s culture

Culture Shock

• Unity in Diversity - elements of culture (material)

• result of people not expecting cultural differences

Cultural Relativism

• Unity in Diversity - elements of culture (material)

• we judge other cultural practices in reference to our personal standards rather than through one’s culture

Subcultures

• Unity in Diversity - elements of culture (material)

• small culture within a culture to develop

National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)

• one of the components that affect the existence of the present cultures such as customs and values

• actively campaigning for the promotion of the Philippine culture and arts particularly those that are under grave threat

Modernization

• one of the components that affect the existence of the present cultures such as customs and values

• it is not a problem that hinders the progression of our native culture but the affection to other foreign culture

Peter Bellwood

• “Austronesian Migration Theory”

• “Out of Taiwan hypothesis”

• There was a massive migration of people from Asia to Pacific from Taiwan 5,000 years ago.

• These people are referred to as Austronesians.

• The migration is believed to be caused by the increasing population in their homeland, which forces them to move out and seek other lands.

• They have the skill in maritime travel and agriculture.

• This explains the similarities in culture, language ,and characteristics inAsiann communities

Henry Otley Beyer

• “Wave Migration Theory

• suggests that early humans came to the Philippines in several waves.

• this theory however, has already been disproven by later studies of historians and anthropologists including William Henry Scott and F. Landa Jocano.

Dawn Man

mostly cave man like Java man and Peking Man

Negritoes

cam through land bridge

Indones

2 sets of migrants who came through the sea

Malays

who came through the sea

F. Landa Jocano

• “Core Population Theory”

• An anthropologist from University of the Philippines and a protegé of H. Otley Beyer

Core Population Theory

• There were already inhabitants in the island (Philippines) before the coming of Negritoes and Malays, as proven by the discovery in 1962 of a human skullcap and a portion of a jaw in the Tabon Caves in Palawan

• It was found about 16,000 years ago by anthropologists Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago

• Plus the oldest human remains (“tibia” or lower leg bone) found inTabon Cave dated 46,000/42,000 years ago.

• It claims that human individuals are products of a long process of evolution and movement of people

Dr. Armand Mijares

• Project leader and a Filipino archaeologist (UP Diliman Professor)

• Discovery of Philippine Ancient Human

Philippine Ancient Human

• The hominin—identified from a total of seven teeth and six small bones—hosts a patchwork of ancient and more advanced features.

• It is expected that the small-bodied hominin, named Homo Luzonensis, lived on the island of Luzon at least 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.

• Conclusion as of the discovery: Filipinos has a core population and there were ancient human activities in the archipelago long time ago before the different migration

Neolitihic Revolution

• Characterized by the use of agriculture in human civilization.

• The advent of agriculture resulted in people becoming less mobile and organizing communities that were sedentary (permanently situated at a certain location)

• It led to the emergence and widespread use of pottery, as well as the development of crafts.

Christopher Paik

the development of culture and craftsmanship led to population increase and the rise of large hierarchical states that paved the way for the development of feudalism later on.

Pre Spanish Period

• A result of a continuous process of evolution which was influenced by environment.

Antonio Pigafetta

• Pre spanish period

• ancient Filipino communities already had a social and political system headed by a Datu or Raja who led the community and administered its political, social and economic aspects. (this social system is a hierarchy governed by a set of rules and ethical principles)

Barangay

simple lifestyle that focused on subsistence and community preservation

Spanish Colonization

• Significantly altered the social and political system of the ancient Barangay

• Communities were relocated and combined to form Pueblos.

Pueblos

a political and social structure emerged which became known as plaza complex

Meliton Juanico

• “Plaza complex was part of Spanish reduccion policy which entailed putting the community as close as possible to the seat of power and control of the church for monitoring purposes”

• Plaza serves as the focal point of the town and it plays an important role in the community

American Colonization

• the community landscape was also altered

• there were structures that were not rebuilt by the Americans after the World War II

• it paved the way for the development of commercial centers and complexes, which displaced key structures that were usually centered around the plaza

• commercial centers such as Escolta in Manila were developed as economic business districts and not as a command posts or seats of political power

Post-Colonization

• New demands were imposed by the fast-paced modern lifestyle, changes in the landscape are highly inevitable

• It is normal to see high raised structure at the heart of the community.

• A combination of different cultures and styles at the Metropolitan