Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things

refers to the expanding interconnection of smart devices, ranging from appliances to tiny sensors

The Internet supports the interconnectivity through what?

cloud systems

IoT is primarily driven by what?

deeply embedded devices

Deeply Embedded Devices are…

low-bandwidth, low-repetition data capture, and low bandwidth data-usage appliances

Internet has gone through roughly four generations of deployment:

Information technology (IT)

Operational technology (OT)

Personal technology

Sensor/actuator technology

Information technology (IT)

PCs, servers, routers, firewalls, and so on, bought as IT devices by enterprise IT people, primarily using wired connectivity

Operational technology (OT)

Machines/appliances with embedded IT built by non-IT companies, such as medical machinery, SCADA, process control, and kiosks, bought as appliances by enterprise OT people, primarily using wired connectivity

Personal Technology

Smartphones, tablets, and eBook readers bought as IT devices by consumers (employees) exclusively using wireless connectivity and often multiple forms of wireless connectivity

Sensor/actuator technology

Single-purpose devices bought by consumers, IT and OT people exclusively using wireless connectivity, generally of a single form, as part of larger system

Cloud-Enabled Internet of Things (CE-IoT)

Integration of Cloud and IoT

Major cloud services providers:

AWS, Azure, Google Cloud

Primary concerns for IoT:

Security and privacy

Cloud-Enabled IoT (CE-IoT)

-Seamless communication (devices-to-cloud, cloud-to-devices) -Unlimited resources → compute, storage, etc.

-Meaningful insights → Data Analytics and Visualizations

-Virtual things/devices management, access control management,

Edge Computing

convert network data flows into information that is suitable for storage and higher level processing

In many IoT deployments, ________________

massive amounts of data may be generated by a distributed network of sensors

Evaluation

evaluating data for criteria as to whether it should be processed at a higher level

Formatting

Reformatting data for consistent higher-level processing

Expanding/decoding

Handling cryptic data with additional context (such as the origin)

Distillation/reduction

Reducing and/or summarizing data to minimize the impact of data and traffic on the network and higher-level processing systems

Assessment

Determining whether data represents a threshold or alert; this could include redirecting data to additional destination

Generally fog computing devices are deployed physically near ____________

edge of the IoT network near the sensors and other data-generating devices

Fog computing represents an _______ in modern networking from cloud computing

opposite trend

Fog Computing is inspired by ____

the fact that fog tends to hover low to the ground, whereas clouds are high in the sky

Edge Computing for IoT Advantages:

-Improve response rate, and robust application performance

-Reduce latency

-Reduce operational costs and efficient resource utilization (network, compute)

-Improve business efficiency and reliability

-Scalability

Core network is also known as _____

backbone network

Core Network

connects geographically dispersed fog networks as well as providing access to other networks that are not part of the enterprise network

Core network will use __________-

high-performance router

Digital Twin

virtual representation of IoT entities

A gateway interconnects the IoT-enabled devices with the _____________

higher-level communication networks

What is the key element in providing security in an IoT deployment?

gateway

The device manufacturers focus is the ______

functionality of the device itself

The end user may have no means of patching the system or have ____________

little information about when and how to patch

IoT Application Domains

Factories

Cities

Healthcare

Retail
Energy

Security and Privacy Issues in a Smart City

-privacy leakage in data sensing

-privacy and availability in data storage and processing

-trustworthy and dependable control

IoT Security Challenges

-Resource constrained devices

Remote deployments and locations

-Heterogeneity of IoT devices

-Lack of support from manufacturers for updating firmware and patching vulnerabilities

-Highly sensitive application domain with critical infrastructures

-Trust evaluation and management

-Lack of standards and compliance

-Large amount of data and deployment

MQTT

Message Querying Telemetry Transport

MQTT Purpose

Small code footprint and ideal for constrained devices with limited storage, bandwidth, and unreliable network

MQTT Broker

-manages all the topics and subscriptions to the topics

-allows to have persistent messages stored on the broker

CoAP

an efficient RESTful protocol

CoAP is ideal for _______

constrained devices and networks