Chapter 15: Hunger and Worldwide Malnutrition Study Guide

Food poverty

Hunger occurring even when enough food exists.

Low food security

Eating more canned meats or processed meats instead of fresh meats, increasing refined grains.

Very low food security

Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake.

Marginal food security

One or two reported indications—typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house. Little or no indication of changes in diets or food intake.

Largest percentage of expenditure in US food programs

71%.

Commodity supplemental food program

Works to improve the health of low-income persons at least 60 years of age.

Child and adult care supplemental food program

Federal program that provides reimbursements for nutritious meals and snacks to eligible children and adults who are enrolled for care at participating child care centers, day care homes, and adult day care centers (elderly and disabled).

SNAP eligible foods

Fruits and vegetables; Meat, poultry, and fish; Dairy products; Breads and cereals; Other foods such as snack foods and non-alcoholic beverages; and Seeds and plants, which produce food for the household to eat.

SNAP ineligible foods

Beer, wine, liquor, cigarettes, or tobacco; Vitamins, medicines, and supplements; Live animals (except shellfish, fish removed from water, and animals slaughtered prior to pick-up from the store); Foods that are hot at the point of sale; Any nonfood items such as pet foods, cleaning supplies, paper products, and other household supplies; Hygiene items, cosmetics.

W.I.C program eligibility

Provides federal grants to states for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age 5 who are found to be at nutritional risk.

Canned protein available in W.I.C

Canned fish.

Whole grains included in W.I.C

Cereal, bread, wild rice, whole wheat bagels, quinoa.

Overall goal for W.I.C

Help young families grow up healthier from the very beginning.

Severe Acute Malnutrition

A very low weight for height, by visible severe wasting, or by the presence of nutritional oedema.

Arm Circumference Indicator

In children aged 6-59 months, an arm circumference less than 110 mm (4.33 inches) is indicative of severe acute malnutrition.

Global Malnutrition Statistics

Globally, it is estimated that there are nearly 20 million children who are severely acutely malnourished.

Malnutrition Regions

Most of the severely acutely malnourished children live in South Asia and in sub-Saharan Africa.

Ready to Use Therapeutic Food Recipe

Skimmed milk powder, sugar, vegetable oils, fortified with block of vitamin premix and minerals.

Oral Rehydration Therapy Recipe

Water, salt (sodium), sugar (glucose).

Goal of the Facility

Be the lowest cost producer with the highest quality product in Africa.

Marasmus

Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition — specifically, protein-energy undernutrition.

Definition of Malnutrition

Malnutrition happens when the nutrients your body gets don't meet its needs, which can be due to a lack of nutrients or an imbalance of nutrients.

Types of Malnutrition

Malnutrition can mean undernutrition or overnutrition, and can involve an imbalance of macronutrients or micronutrients.

Undernutrition

A deficiency of nutrients, which can cause visible wasting of fat and muscle, or can be invisible, as one can be overweight and undernourished.

Kwashiorkor

Occurs in people who may have access to some carbohydrates but lack protein in their diet, causing edema with abnormal fluid accumulation.

Glycogen

A polymer, string of glucose molecules that the body stores in the liver.

Glycogen Storage Duration

Glycogen lasts in our body for 10-18 hours.

End Goal of Gluconeogenesis

The creation of new glucose.

Gluconeogenesis in Malnutrition

Gluconeogenesis does occur in people who have malnutrition.

Nutrient Needs

Your body needs a variety of nutrients, in certain amounts, to maintain its tissues and many functions.

Consequences of Nutrient Deficiency

Even the lack of a single vitamin or mineral can have serious health consequences for your body.

Consequences of Nutrient Excess

Having an excess of nutrients can also cause problems.

Visible Wasting

Visible wasting of fat and muscle can occur due to undernutrition.

Invisible Undernutrition

You can be overweight and undernourished.

Fluid Accumulation in Kwashiorkor

Lack of protein can cause edema, with abnormal fluid accumulation.

Fed State Pathways

The two different pathways for the 'Fed State' are preserving glycogen molecules and gluconeogenesis.