cell chemistry

what are the different carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

what is the ratio and formula for a monosaccharide?

1:2:1 / C₆H₁₂O₆

what are the 5-carbon monosaccharides?

deoxyribose and ribose

what are the 6-carbon monosaccharides?

glucose, galactose, fructose, and mannose

what are disaccharides?

2 monosaccharides together

what is the formula for a disaccharide?

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

what are the disaccharides?

sucrose, maltose, and lactose

what are polysaccharides?

more than 2 monosaccharides together

what is the ratio for a polysaccharide?

1:2:1

what are the polysaccharides?

glycogen, starch, cellulose, and dextran

what are the functions (2) of mono- and disaccharides?

1. convert monosaccharides into ATP - energy source

2. deoxyribose and ribose make up the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

what are the functions (2) of polysaccharides?

1. cellulose is an important structural component in plant cell walls

2. provide stored energy

what are the 2 components of simple lipids?

1. glycerol

2. 3-fatty acid chain

what are compound lipids?

lipids bonded to other structures

what are the functions (3) of lipids?

1. build a phospholipid bi-layer in cell membranes

2. source of energy

3. are multifunctional

proteins are made up of?

amino acids

what makes up the 20 different amino acid groups?

the R groups

how are amino acids divided?

by the side-chain: polar, non-polar, and electrically charged

what does the side chain determine?

• how the structure will fold up

• how soluble it is (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

what has to be removed from amino acids 1 and 2 for them to bond?

• a hydroxyl group from #1

• hydrogen and dipeptide from #2

what is only found between amino acids?

peptide bonds

what are the 4 levels of protein folding?

1. primary structure / AA sequence

2. secondary structure

3. tertiary structure

4. quaternary structure

what is the primary structure / AA sequence?

• sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide

• affects all other levels of protein structure

what is the secondary structure?

• repeated coiling or folding

• the patterns form due to weak hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl and amino groups along the polypeptide chain

what is the tertiary structure?

• results from interactions between amino acid R groups / the side chain

what is the quaternary structure?

• 3 or more proteins bonded together

what is affected if 1 amino acid is changed in a protein?

the structure and function

what determines the order of amino acids?

specific gene sequence

what are prokaryotic cells?

• proteins make up the cell membranes

• they are enzymatic proteins

what are the two nucleic acids?

1. deoxyribonucleic acid / DNA

2. ribonucleic acid / RNA

what is DNA?

• genetic info needed to build and maintain a cell

• double stranded

• composed of 2 nucleotide chains

what is RNA?

• decodes the information in DNA to assemble a sequence of amino acids to build a protein

• single stranded

what is the central dogma?

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is them translated into a protein

complementary base pairing in DNA?

• adenine - thymine

• guanine - cytosine

complementary base pairing in RNA?

• adenine - uracil

• guanine - cytosine

what are the 3 components to a nucleotide structure?

1. phosphate group

2. sugar

3. nitrogenous base

what is the DNA structure, sugar, and nitrogenous base?

• double stranded / double helix

• deoxyribose

• thymine

what is the RNA structure, sugar, and nitrogenous base?

• single stranded

• ribose

• uracil

why is DNA replication important for HUMANS?

• growth

• replacement

• repair

what is DNA replication important for BACTERIA?

• replicate (make more bacteria)

what is semi-conservative mean to the process of DNA replication?

half of the DNA is conserved in the daughter cell

eukaryotes undergo?

mitosis / cell division

what are the phases of mitosis and what phase is DNA replication happening?

• interphase (DNA replication)

• prophase

• anaphase

• telophase

prokaryotes undergo?

binary fission / how they divide

what 2 things must happen in DNA replication?

1. the DNA must be COPIED

2. the DNA must be IDENTITCAL

what is the enzyme responsible for replicating DNA?

DNA polymerase

what does DNA polymerase form between 2 nucleotides?

a phosphodiester bond, a dehydration synthesis

DNA polymerase can only add to what?

• the nucleotides OH group

• on the 3’ end

• only in the 5’ - 3’ direction

what happens at the replication fork?

an enzyme breaks the hydrogen bond between the bases

what is protein synthesis?

gene expressionwhat

what are the 3 types of RNA? which one is where protein gets synthesized?

1. messenger mRNA

2. transfer tRNA

3. ribosome rRNA (protein gets synthesized)

where does transcription of DNA take place?

the nucleus

what is responsible for transcription?

RNA polymerase

what are the terms for the start and stop of RNA transcription?

• promoter

• terminator

where does translation occur?

in the cytoplasm of a ribosome

tRNA does what in protein synthesis?

takes the amino acid to the ribosome

what does the anticodon sequence do?

determines the specific amino acid carried

what is the process of DNA replication?

1. helicase unwinds the parental double helix

2. single-stranded biding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA

3. the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by DNA polymerase

4. the lagging stand is synthesized discontinuously, primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an okazaki fragment

5. after the RNA primer is replaced by the DNA, DNA ligase joins the okazaki fragment to the growing strand