Respiratory System (Fill in the Blanks)

The conducting zone is from the __ to the __.

The __ make up the respiratory zone.

The upper respiratory tract is from the __to the __.

The lower respiratory tract is from the __to the __.

nostrils, bronchioles, alveoli, nostrils, larynx, trachea, alveoli

The vomer and cartilage make up the nasal __

The mucosa of the interior vestibule is lined with:

◦___ epithelium

◦ Vibrissae that __

septum, Stratified squamous, detects foreign particles and trigger sneezing

The __ (turbinates) cleanse, warm, and humidify air.

The __ inferior alternate swelling with _, restricting air flow on one side

The mucosa here is__ epithelium ( aka __epithelium) with many _ cells.

The roof is lined with __ epithelium.

nasal conchae, conchae, highly vascular, blood, respiratory, pseudostratified columnar, goblet, olfactory

The pharynx has 3 parts

The __ with respiratory epithelium

The __ with stratified squamous epithelium

The ___ with stratified squamous epithelium

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

The larynx is made of __ pieces of cartilage, the largest is called _ cartilage

The superior opening of the trachea is the __ covered by the _ during__ (swallowing)

9, thyroid, glottis, epiglottis, deglutition

The vocal cords are __ during speaking and swallowing, and are _ during normal breathing and whispering.

adducted, abducted

The trachea has C-shaped rings of cartilage keep the trachea__, but the __ muscle can adjust

the diameter of its lumen.

Splits into a left and right 1o

patent, trachealis, bronchus

Between the trachea and the esophagus there are two layers of smooth muscle perform __,a series of wave-like, involuntary contractions that propel food forward

peristalsis

The mucociliary escalator

Cutting a hole in the trachea is a ___.

The hole itself is a __ into which a

more permanent __ may be

placed.

tracheotomy, tracheostomy, tracheostomy tube

___ intubation allows a patient to be

put on a ventilator that moves air in and out of

their lungs.

A __ is used to hold the airway

open and guide the __ tube

(intubation tube) through the vocal cords.

Endotracheal, laryngoscope, endotracheal

Each 1o bronchus splits __ times leading to _ million air sacs called

23, 480, alveoli

The mucociliary escalator is located in the __ mucosa, made out of __ cells that produce __ to trap _ and pathogens and ___, __ ___ epithelium which pushes ___ and away from the lungs, prevents ___

tracheal, goblet, mucus, debris, ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar, mucus, pulmonary infections

Air resistance in the bronchial tree

__ increases air flow. Triggered by __ and __ nervous system

__ decreases air flow. Triggered by _ nervous system, histamine, _ , chemical irritants.

Bronchodilation, epinephrine, sympathetic, Bronchoconstriction, parasympathetic, cold air

__ is the ease with which the lungs expand and is influenced by:

◦ Degenerative lung diseases

◦ Scar tissue

◦ Lack of __ → _ (IRDS) is caused by this

Pulmonary compliance, surfactant, Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A __ is a minimally invasive procedure in which a fiberoptic bronchoscope is used to view the trachea and bronchial tree.

Direct visualization of the airways can help __

Bronchoscopy, diagnose/stage lung cancer

Types of alveoli cells

Type I alveolar cells → Simple __ epithelium enabling rapid __.

Type II alveolar cells → Simple __ cells that secrete __, a lubricant that also prevents alveolar collapse during _. They can undergo _ to replace Type I cells as needed.

Alveolar macrophages → Patrol alveolar lumens and __ between alveoli, phagocytizing debris. Sometimes called _ cells

squamous, gas exchange, cuboidal, exhalation,metaplasia, Ct. tissue, dust

The __ is a thin barrier between the air in an __ and blood in the surrounding __

respiratory membrane, alveolus, capillaries

Healthy respiratory membrane is __ μm thick

Pulmonary _ and _ thicken the respiratory membranes.

_, lung_ , and _ destroy alveoli resulting in fewer respiratory membranes.

0.5, edema, pneumonia, Emphysema, cancer, tuberculosis

Lung Anatomy

Their __ rests on the diaphragm.

Their __ projects just above the clavicle.

Their __ surface presses against the ribs.

Their __ surface faces the heart.

Their medial __ is an opening through in which each lung receives __

base, apex, costal, mediastinal, hilum, 1o bronchus

The ___ lung is shorter due to __ has _ lobes

The __ lung is taller but more narrow __ due to __ has _ lobes

right, liver, 3, left, heart, 2

Pleural __ is excess fluid in the pleural space often resulting from __

Restricts lung expansion causing chest pain and __ (difficult breathing). → Treated by _

effusion, pleurisy/pleuritis, dyspnea, thoracentesis

Collapsed lungs can be caused by:

◦ __ which is air in the pleural space

◦ __ which is collapsed alveoli

Pneumothorax, Atelectasis

__ is a malignant cancer of the pleural membranes caused by __

Mesothelioma, asbestos

One complete breath from inspiration to expiration is the __.

The _ is the prime mover.

The internal and external __ muscles are synergists.

Boyle’s law is _

respiratory cycle, diaphragm, intercostal, P1 V1 = P2 V2/Pressure and volume inversely proportional → determines directional air flow.

Normal, __ respiration is breathing at rest.

__ respiration during exercise uses additional muscles.

The __ maneuver is used to clear blocked eustachian tubes, complete parturition, stop cardiac __

quiet, Forced, Valsalva, arrhythmias

Respiratory centers are in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata and pons

Medulla Oblongata: Ventral respiratory group (VRG) used for __ and Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) used for __

Pons: Pontine respiratory group (PRG) used for __

forced breathing, breathing at rest, adjust breathing during sleep

__ chemoreceptors in brainstem → Monitor __ of CSF and alter breathing rate as needed.

__ chemoreceptors on aorta and __ arteries → __ Monitor pH of blood, __ of blood and alter breathing rate as needed.

__ receptors in bronchioles → __ Monitor inhaled air for smoke, dust, chemical fumes, or cold temperatures and trigger __ and alter breathing rate as needed.

Central, pH, Peripheral, carotid, O2/CO2 Irritant, bronchoconstriction

A __ records the rate and depth of breathing.

__ volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one normal breath. Typically, __ mL

__ reserve volume is the additional volume that can be inhaled with effort. Typically, __mL

__ reserve volume is the additional volume that can be exhaled with effort. Typically, _ mL

__ volume is the volume of air you cannot exhale. Typically, __mL

spirometer, Tidal, 500, Inspiratory, 3,000, Expiratory, 1200, Residual, 1,300

Restrictive disorders are caused by any disease that produces __ (scars) like __ , → Reduced __ limits how much the lungs can __

Obstructive disorders are when reduced __ due to narrowed or blocked __ includes _&_

__ is both a restrictive and obstructive disorder

fibrosis, tuberculosis, pulmonary compliance,inflate, airflow,airway, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

__ describes healthy, relaxed, quiet breathing

__ means stopping breathing

Eupnea, Apnea

__ is permanent apnea

__ describes shortness of breath, gasping, or difficult breathing

Respiratory arrest,Dyspnea

__ is dyspnea but while lying down.

__ is an increased rate of breathing.

__ is the acceleration of breathing

Orthopnea, Hyperpnea, Tachypnea

__ is unnecessary but rapid breathing that decreases blood [_], altering pH.

Kussmaul respiration is rapid breathing triggered by __

Hyperventilation , CO2, acidosis

__ law

The total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gasses, and the contribution of each gas is called its __ pressure

Dalton’s, partial

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat _ and _ poisoning

gangrene, carbon monoxide

__ carries oxygen.

__ lacks oxygen

Oxyhemoglobin, Deoxyhemoglobin

Transport of carbon dioxide in blood

__ is a deficiency of oxygen.

__ is a common sign

Hypoxia, Cyanosis

__ specifically means low arterial PO2

which is caused by:

◦ ___

◦ Drowning

◦ Respiratory arrest

◦ Degenerative lung diseases

Hypoxemia, High elevations

__ hypoxia describes inadequate circulation of blood caused by CHF.

__ hypoxia describes an inability to properly transport oxygen.

__ hypoxia is caused by poisons like cyanide that prevents tissues from using O2

Ischemic, Anemic, Histotoxic

__ carcinoma is the most common

__ is caused by smoking

__ carcinoma is the least common but __

Squamous cell, Adenocarcinoma, Small cell, most deadly

A pulmonary _ is a blood clot that occludes the pulmonary arteries.

◦ This will cause pulmonary_.

embolism, infarction

__ means listening to sounds with a stethoscope.

__ means tapping on a surface to determine the density of underlying tissue

Auscultation, Percussion

__ is a scratchy sound during breathing due to pleurisy (pleuritis).

__ are heard during inspiration if alveoli are full of fluid.

__ are rumbling sounds in the bronchi due to accumulation of sputum.

Pleural rub, Crackles, Rhonchi

__ is a high-pitched sound during inspiration due to obstructions in the pharynx or larynx.

___ are continuous, high-pitched whistling sounds. Common with __.

Stridor, Wheezes, asthma

Surgical Removal of a lung example

__ is when a whole lung is removed

Pneumonectomy