Biostatistics and Epidemiology

Census

A _______ is statistics that include information such as household size, vehicles, jobs, and salary.

Spirits

Diseases were once believed to come from _______, but scientists and doctors refuted this belief.

how many people were in the country

China conduct a census to determine _________________.

Every 5 years

How often did Roman men have to register for the census?

His possessions would be confiscated

What would happen if a Roman man did not register for the census?

Family, wife, children, slaves, and riches.

What did Romans have to declare during the census?

taxation purposes

Roman Empire conduct a census to know how many people belonged to their empire for ________.

People had to go back to their original place

What was the Roman government’s decree about the census?

original place

There was a decree from the Roman Government that people must go back to their ________.

2,500 years old

How old are the roots of Epidemiology?

Hippocrates

He believed diseases were caused by microorganisms or substances from the environment, not supernatural events.

environmental and host factors

_____ and _______ such as behaviors might influence the development of disease.

On Airs, Waters, and Places

Hippocrates essay Entitled “___________,”

John Graunt

Who is known as the Father of Demography?

signs and symptoms of diseases

John Graunt took note of the________ and ________ and compiled them

Bills of Morality

What book did John Graunt published in 1662?

John Snow

Who is the Father of Epidemiology?

Cholera

John Snow identified that _______ came from contaminated water from the Broad Street Pump and suggested removing the pump handle to reduce cases.

contaminated water

John Snow identified that cholera came from ________ from the Broad Street Pump and suggested removing the pump handle to reduce cases.

1929

In _______ a huge paper on application of statistics was published in Physiology Journal by Dunn.

Physiology Journal by Dunn.

In 1929 a huge paper on application of statistics was published in ________.

1937

In _______, 15 articles on statistical methods by Austin Bradford Hill, were published in book form.

15 articles on statistical methods

In 1937,___________ by Austin Bradford Hill, were published in book form.

Austin Bradford Hill

In 1937, 15 articles on statistical methods by __________, were published in book form.

1948

In ______, a RCT (Randomized Control Trial) of Streptomycin for pulmonary TB., was published in which Bradford Hill had a key influence.

RCT (Randomized Control Trial) of Streptomycin

In 1948, a ___________ for pulmonary TB., was published in which Bradford Hill had a key influence.

Randomized Control Trial

_______ is the procedure used or done by epidemiologists when they have to make vaccines or produce medicines.

Statistics in Medicine

Then the growth of ________ from 1952 was an 8-fold increase by 1982.

1952 to 1982

Then the growth of Statistics in Medicine from ______ was an 8-fold increase by ______.

Statistics

The science dealing with the collection, classification, and tabulation of numerical facts to explain, describe, and compare phenomena.

Biostatistics

Statistics arising from biological sciences, especially in medicine and public health, for planning, conducting, and analyzing data.

To provide quantitative analysis in health research, including the planning, conduct, and interpretation of studies.

What are the purposes of Biostatistics?

• To provide the magnitude of any health problem in the community.

• To find out the basic factors underlying ill-health.

• To evaluate the health programs which were introduced in the community (success/failure).

• To introduce and promote health legislation.

What are preventive medicine?

• Documentation of medical history of diseases

• Planning and conduct of clinical studies

• Evaluating the merits of different procedures

• In providing methods for the definition of “normal” and “abnormal”

What are Clinical Medicine?

• Planning

• Design

• Execution (Data collection)

• Data Processing

• Data analysis

• Presentation

• Interpretation

• Publication

WHAT DOES STATISTICS COVER?

• Design of study

• Sample size & power calculations

• Selection of sample and controls

• Designing a questionnaire

• Data Management

• Choice of descriptive statistics & graphs

• Application of univariate and multivariate statistical

  analysis techniques

HOW A “BIOSTATISTICIAN” CAN HELP

Epidemiology

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

Frequency and Pattern

What are the two aspects of Distribution in Epidemiology?

Frequency

The number of health events, such as the number of cases of a disease in a population.

Pattern

The occurrence of health events by time, place, and person (e.g., seasonal variations or geographic differences).

Time patterns

Annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend, or any other breakdown of time that may influence disease or injury occurrence.

Place Patterns

Geographic variation, urban/rural differences, and location of work sites or schools.

Personal Characteristics

Demographic factors - related to risk of illness, injury, or disability such as age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status, behaviors and environmental exposures.

Determinants

Factors that influence the occurrence of disease and health-related events, such as socio-demographic, economic, and environmental factors.