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Active Transport
the movement of particles from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient); requires ATP/energy
Aerobic Respiration
A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation
anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule, carbon dioxide, and alcohol; carried out by yeast and bacteria
Anaerobic Respiration
A form of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and generates less ATP
ATP
adenosine triphosphate; energy-storing molecule of cells; energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates
Autotroph
an organism that can make its own food; aka producer; one example is plants (by photosynthesis)
Cellular Respiration
burning glucose to make ATP; 36-38 ATP are formed from each glucose molecule; carried out by all organisms; occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Chemosynthesis
process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source
Chlorophyll
green pigment found in the chloroplast that traps light for photosynthesis
Concentration Gradient
a difference in concentration of a substance across a cell membrane/space
Diffusion
the simplest form of passive transport.
Dynamic Equilibrium
a state in which there is no concentration gradient; particles are evenly distributed and continue to move across the cell membrane/space
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Exocytosis
process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Facilitated Diffusion
process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the cell membrane through protein channels
Heterotroph
an organism that must get food from its environment; aka consumer; one example is animals
Hypertonic
a solution with the greater concentration of solutes, thereby having a higher osmotic pressure and cause a cell to release water.
Hypotonic
a solution with a lower concentration of solutes, thereby having a lower osmotic pressure and will cause the cell to take up water.
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
Lactic Acid Fermentation
anaerobic respiration that makes 2 ATP from each glucose molecule and lactic acid which causes muscle soreness/cramps
Light (Radiant) Energy
energy from light waves (e.g., solar, light bulb)
Osmosis
the diffusion of water; remember "solute sucks"
Passive Transport
movement of molecules from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient); does not require ATP/energy
Plasmolysis
collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water.
Photosynthesis
process carried out by plants, some protists, and some bacteria in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose (food) and oxygen; occurs in the chloroplast of eukaryotic cells
Selectively Permeable/Semipermeable
characteristic of the cell membrane in which some substances are allowed to cross but not others
Solute
the dissolved substance in a solution/solvent; example is salt or sugar
Solution
n
mixture in which one substance dissolves another
Solvent
the dissolved substance in a solution/solvent; example is salt or sugar
Turgor Pressure
pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
