Metabolic Bone Disorders

What other problems are children with scoliosis likely to have

Kidney or urinary tract abnormalities
Absent or fused ribs
Congenital heart defects
Abnormalities of spinal cord development

What is the eitioloy of neuromucular scoliosis

Occurs in children with any disorder of the neurological system. Such as cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, muscular dystrophies.

What is the etiology of congenital scoliosis

Absent or abnormal growth potential due to an area of missing bone or growth plate.

What is the pathogenesis of neuromusclar scoliosis

MM and ligs are weaker, cannot support the spine, so it begins to curve.

What is the pathogenesis of congenital scoliosis

Disruption of the normal alignment of the spine produces differnt types of deformities. Occurs in uetero 4-6 weeks.

Key clinical manifestations of functional scoliosis

Resolves when pt bends to affected side, or upon flexion
No vertebral rotation or bony deformity of vertebrae
Condition is not progressive

Key clinical manifestations of structural scoliosis

Rib hump or prominence with forward flexion
Deformity of vertebrae
Scapular prominence

Clinical manifestations of osteoporosis

History of fractures of wrist, femur or compression fractures of vertebrae
Exaggerated kyphosis
Shortened stature, mm atrophy

Treatment implications of osteoporosis

Regular weight bearing excercise
Hormone replacement therapy
Calcium and vit D
Reducing risk of falls

Epidemiology of osteomalacia

Elderly
Low sun exposure

Eitology of osteomalacia

Vit D deficiency
Malnutrition in pregnancy

Pathogenisis of Osteomalacia

Vit D deficiency prevents closure of epiphyseal plates, calcification fails to occur, the bone becomes soft.

Definition of Rickets

Condition caused by vit d deficiancy, only seen in children.

Etiology of Rickets

Deficits in mineralisation of newly formed bone matrix in the growing skeleton results in soft bone.

Clinical Manifestations of rickets

Kyphosis
Genu valgum and varum
Delayed eruption of the teeth

Pathogenesis of Rickets

Cartilage is not replaced by bone and continues to enlarge, widening the epiphyseal plate and disrupting the metaphyseal junction. Bone is poorly calcified and less rigid.

What are the treatments for Rickets and Osteomalacia

Adressing the underlying deficiency with adequate intake of Vit D, calcium and phopsphate supplementation.