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Alpha bias
Assumptions which exaggerates the sex differences between the two genders
Beta bias
Assumptions which minimizes or ignores sex differences
Androcentrism
A consequence of Beta Bias, which viewpoints of the society are mostly male-centered, with the standard being male behaviors.
Free will
Capability to choose between different possible courses of action
Determinism
Behavior is fully controlled by the external environment
Hard determinism
Believes all human behaviors have causes, and these causes are fully determined by the environment in which we cannot control
Biological determinism
Behavior is controlled by genetics, which can be inherited from parents
Environmental determinism
Behavior is caused by forces outside the individual, the environment around you but not directly to you
Psychic determinism
Human behavior is a result of childhood experiences and inmate drives, but has to be directed towards the individual
Soft determinism
Assumes that behavior is still controlled by the external factors, but the individual still have free will to an extent
Nature
Behavior is a product of innate factors (genes, biological, evolutionary aspects)
Nurture
Behavior is a product of external environment
Heritability coefficient
Assess the amount of passing on of physical/mental characteristics genetically
Diathesis-stress model
A model emphasizing the interaction of nature and nurture.
Culture bias
The ‘norm’ for a particular behavior is judged only from the standard-point of 1 particular culture
Ethnocentrism
A type of cultural bias - a belief in superiority of one’s own cultural group
Cultural relativism
No universal standards to measure culture by → All cultures values and beliefs must be understood relatively to their cultural context
Idiographic
Attempts to describe the nature of the individual, describing the richness of human experiences and gain insight into the person’s unique way of viewing the world
Nomothetic
Producing general laws of human behaviors which can therefore be applied and universalized
Reductionism
Breaks complex phenomena into simpler contents
Levels of explanation in psychology
Different ways to view a phenomena in psychology → Some are more reductionist that others
Biological reductionism
Behaviors at some level can be explained and broken down into biological explanations (neurophysiological, neurochemical, evolutionary and genetic influences)
Environmental reductionism
Reducing behaviors down into the stimulus response link → Look at cause and consequences, without a link in between
Holism
Perceiving the whole experience rather than the individual features or relations between them.
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