Research/Intelligence Study Set

Experimental Method

changing independent variables to see how dependent variables are affected; observing cause-and-effect relationship (w/ control groups); random assignment required, results used for reliability

Correlational Method

observing relationship between 2(+) variables w/o outside manipulation; does not mean causation, useful for pattern identifying, can be confounded by third variables

Naturalistic Observation

observing subjects in natural environments; real world behaviors, less control, affected by bias, ethical consideration

Case Study

a long anlysis of one person to find phenomena not observable in other ways- subjective findings

Surveys

questions used to collect data from a large group/population; various formats, self-reported, affected by bias of response and dishonesty

Longitudinal Study

same individual over long period of time, repetition of observations, studies developmental changes to person, observes trends and casual relationships over time

Cross-Sectional Studies

lots of data from more than one individual at one point in time, compares age groups, demographics, and conditions; snapshots- not change

Twin Studies

similarities/differences between twins (fraternal + identical), impact of genetics vs environment, for behavior/personality, ethical issues, observes the heritability of traits and disorders

Meta-Analysis

uses previous studies/results/data to form new information about trends and effects- resolves confliction in findings

Quasi-Expiremental Studies

used for impractical controlled environments for no random assignment (ethical consideration), leads to bias and results are viewed cautiously 

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

(mental age/chronological age) x 100= IQ

Invented by William Stern

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

1- linguistic

2- interpersonal

3- intrapersonal

4- logical/mathmatical

5- musical

6- bodily kinesthetic

7- naturalist

8- spatial

5 Components of Creativety

1- expertise/familiarity (outside-the-box thinking)

2- imaginative thinking skills

3- adventuresome personality

4- intrinsic motivation

5- creative environment

Emotional Intelligence

1- able to understand your own emotions

2- be able to read others and be empathetic

3- good with relationships

4- confident in feelings and able to self-motivate

Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences

1- analytical thinking

2- creative thinking

3- practical intelligence

(B) Basis of Comparison

standard/reference point for data comparison

(R) Replication

repeating experiments/being able to repeat experiments to collect more of the same data (determines validity)

(O) Operational Definitions

an explanation for how a concept is measured/identified- what you mean and how it will be observed

(T) Technique to Collect Data

what is the procedure/what type of study will be used

(H) Conclusion Matches Hypothesis

The data supports hypothesis

Ethics

The study is humane and within boundaries: consent acquired, approved by other organizations, participants aware, researchers unbiased, etc.

Random Samples

the subjects are picked at random to ensure fairness and accuracy of results, creates less bias

Standardization of Procedure

all participants treated equally and the same steps for the procedure are taken, ensures fairness and reliability

Hawthorne Effect

subjects perform differently while being observed during study

Rosenthal Effect

researcher wants study to be correct, manipulates study design to produce desirable results- does not lead to accurate data

Barum Effect

broad data, skews results

Hindisight Bias

results seem obvious looking back

Confirmation Bias

interpreting data to support existing beliefs (selection of evidence)