LALALA FINAL

Squamous cell carcinoma

The most common tumor of the equine eye.

Laceration

The most common equine eye injury.

Corpora nigra

Part of the pupil shades retina from light.

Equine PLR

Differs from dogs and cats by being slower.

Sarcoids

Firm, wart-like slow growing mass on the lids and surrounding skin.

Treatment for sarcoids

Histopath (ALWAYS), topical irritants (XXTERRA), immunotherapy (BCG, Equimune), chemotherapy, surgical excision, hyperthermia, gamma radiation.

Predisposing factors for melanoma

Grey horse, Arabs, and Percherons.

Clinical signs of SCC

Blepharitis/blepharospasm, mucopurulent discharge, tissue bleed easily.

Nictitating membrane disease

The most common disease is SCC.

Horner's syndrome

Neuro condition affecting sympathetic nervous system: drooping eyelid (ptosis), small pupil (miosis), sunken eye, prominent 3rd eyelid.

Corneal ulcers confirmation

Confirmed using fluorescein stain.

Blepharospasm

Involuntary blinking or twitching of the eyelid.

Epiphora

Excessive tearing/watery eye.

Photophobia

Aversion to light.

Nictitans

3rd eyelid.

Conjunctiva

Thin membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid and covers the white of the eye.

Limbus

Junctions of the cornea, conjunctiva, and sclera in the eye.

Palpebral

Opening between the eyelids and the part of the conjunctiva covering the back of the eyelids.

Hyperemia

Red discoloration of the conjunctiva, dilation of the blood vessels in conjunctiva, increased blood flow.

Chemosis

Swelling of the conjunctiva.

Corneal ulcers treatment

Cytology, culture and sensitivity for bacteria and fungus if not responding to treatment.

Causative agent of equine ulcerative keratomycosis

Fungi.

Clinical signs of stromal abscess

Focal, yellow-white stromal infiltrate with corneal edema.

Insipient cataract

Early stage, small portion of the lens is affected, minimal to no visual impairment.

Mature cataract

Fully developed cataract, entire lens involvement, significant vision loss and blindness.

Lens subluxation

Condition where lens of the eye is partially dislocated from its normal position because of weakening suspensory ligaments (zonules), causing it to wobble or move abnormally within the eye.

Clinical signs of equine glaucoma

Corneal edema, corneal band opacities, fixed and dilated pupil.

Predisposing factors for glaucoma

Equine Recurrent Uveitis, >15 yrs old, Appaloosa.

Haab's striae

Breaks in the last membrane of the cornea indicating presence of glaucoma, due to the stretching of the eye globe caused by increased IOP.

Clinical signs of Equine Recurrent Uveitis

Epiphora, blepharospasm, photophobia, corneal edema, conjunctival hyperemia, miotic pupil, low IOP (single digit).

Common names of ERU

Moon blindness, periodic ophthalmia.

Welfare issues of farm animal ophthalmology

Freedom from pain, injury, and disease- steps to minimize conditions resulting in noxious stimuli, but diseases that compromise vision have significant effects on the freedom to behave normally and increase fear and distress.

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis

Caused by Moraxella Bovis.

Transmission and prevention of IBK

Transmitted via face flies; prevented by insecticides, personal disinfection b/w animals, mow and spray grass, weeds, and brush, manure management, shade, cattle with pigmented eyelids and dark hair on face.

Clinical signs of IBK

Epiphora, blepharospasm, photophobia, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis.

Predisposing factors for IBK

Breed (herefords, hereford cross), age (younger=worse), environment (increase UV exposure, # of face flies, solar radiation during the summer).

Economic losses from IBK

Reduces weight gain and milk production from pain and vision impairment; treatment is expensive.

Signalment for OSCC

Older cattle (8 yrs), breed (hereford, hereford cross, holstein).

Clinical signs of OSCC

Various lesions, typically in lateral conjunctiva and corneolimbal junction.

Common treatments for OSCC

Surgery, cryosurgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia.

Prevention of OSCC

Selective breeding: periocular pigment.

Effect of BVD on eyes

Congenital defect in calf's eye (cataracts, retinal atrophy, microphthalmia, optic neuritis, etc.).

Silage eye

Bacterial infection of the eye from listeria monocytogenes from poorly fermented silage, causing inflammation of iris and cornea when eaten.

Microphthalmia in cattle

Tiny eyes.

Convergent strabismus in cattle

Hereditary eye defect causing eye to rotate inward and protrude.

Dermoids

Benign, abnormal growth of skin on the surface of the eye.

Clinical signs of conjunctivitis in camelids

Mild squinting, hyperemia, epiphora.

Cause of nasolacrimal disorders in camelids

Congenital.

Most common ocular disorder in camelids

Conjunctivitis.

Pinkeye in cattle vs goats

Caused by mycoplasma and chlamydophila.

Transmission of pinkeye in goats

Handlers, ocular secretions, fomites, vectors.

Clinical signs of pinkeye in goats

Photophobia, blepharospasm, epiphora (pain signs), one or both eyes.

Prevention of mycoplasma in goats

Good management, isolation of infection, change/disinfect clothing and gloves, reduce face flies.

Similarity of pig eyes to human eyes

Holangiotic retinal vasculature, no tapetum.

Entropion in pot bellied pigs

Common due to a lot of fat on forehead.

Vitamin A deficiency in pigs

Causes night blindness, head tilt, swaying gait, stiffness, restlessness, microphthalmia, retinal dysplasia, blindness.

Most common cause of epiphora in pigs

High ammonia levels.

BCS scale for dairy cows

1-5.

Ideal BCS for calving

3.0-3.25.

Main landmarks for BCS

Pelvic area (hooks, pins, thrill), backbone, and short ribs.

Changes in dairy cattle behavior indicating illness

Head dipped, neck extended, not grooming, antisocial, staring into space, hiding, not eating, different lying time, reactivity during milking.

Understanding behavior to reduce stress

Ability to identify stressors and make adjustments leads to improved milk production, reproductive health, and general welfare.

Major subspecies of cattle

Compare and contrast their structure, function, and ranges.

Bos indicus (Zebu)

Humped shoulder and longer ears, beef production in tropical and subtropical climates.

Bost taurus (Taurine)

No hump, meat, dairy, and leather, pulling carts, across temperature ranges.

Allomimetic behavior

Range of activities in which the performance of a behavior increases the probability of that behavior being performed by others within the species group.

Crepuscular

Cattle being most active at sunset and sunrise.

Normal behaviors of herd animals

Will follow the leader, eventually group, frightened by intruders, anxious when isolated.

Isolated dairy cattle danger

Become anxious, stressed, and may charge at people or injure themselves.

Dairy calves separation

Maximize milk production for human consumption, control calf feed and hygiene.

Social dominance in confined cattle

When the behavior of an animal is inhibited or altered by the presence or threat of another animal.

Dominance behaviors in dairy cattle

Pushing, mounting, chasing, lowing head to show horns, flicking tail, turning sideways (looks bigger), taking priority to access food and resting spots.

Minimizing pen movements

To reduce stress on the animals.

Cows and routine

Feel content and reduce stress.

Cows organization

Herds, housing, grazing, farm size.

Different diets on dairy farm

Different nutritional needs based on age, lactation stage, overall health.

Dry-off period for dairy cattle

45-60 days to regenerate udder cells, increase milk production, treat intramammary infections, restore hepatic function, eliminate pathogens.

Purpose of a hospital pen

To separate sick or injured from the healthy herd to receive treatment and recover.

Milk from hospital pen cows

Discarded (contains antibiotics).

Utilization of dairy cattle waste

Natural fertilizer.

Field of vision of cattle

Can almost see all the way around themselves without moving their heads, with a significant blind spot directly behind them and limited depth perception.

Monocular vision

Seeing with only one eye at a time.

Impact of poor depth perception

Hesitant to enter areas with sudden changes in lighting/shadows, balk at unfamiliar objects, not navigating tight spaces/turns.

Balk

Sudden stopping and refusal to move forward.

Design elements for low stress in cattle handling

Positive first experience, acclimation time to changes, limiting noise, proper knowledge and utilization of point of balance, pressure zone, and flight zone.

REM sleep in cows

Occurs at night when lying down.

Cows prioritize lying down

If deprived, they prioritize lying down over feeding and socializing.

Effect of overstocking dairy barns

Cattle: less availability of resting spaces, feeding spaces, and access to water; decrease milk production and reproductive performance.

Cattle sensitivity to sounds

Sensitive to high pitched sounds.

Importance of olfaction

Sense of smell for food selection, social interactions, predator detection, and reproductive behavior.

Autogrooming vs. allogrooming

Auto: animal grooming itself; Allo: one animal grooming another.

Equipment for animal welfare in dairy

Automated milking systems, feeding systems with individual cow monitoring, comfortable housing with proper ventilation, restraining devices (chutes), activity monitoring sensors, calving pens.

Flight zone of cattle

Imaginary area around a cow where the cow will move away if a person enters (their personal space).

Danger to humans with isolated cattle

Increased risk of unpredictable behavior and potential aggression.

Older vs. young cattle kicking

Older: more powerful kick because of more muscle behind it, roundhouse; Younger: more erratic kicks, less precision, straight back.

Dairy cow budget vs. circle of excellence

Budget breaks down what the cow is doing in a 24-hour period such as eating, drinking, lying/resting, ruminating; circle of excellence is 1 year of what cow should be doing regarding lactation, breeding, pregnancy.

Resting time and milk production

Increased lying time often leads to higher milk yields, which is more profit.

Stall perching

Behavior where a cow stands with its front feet inside the stall and its back feet in the alleyway behind the stall; improper positioned neck can indicate lameness.

Types of bedding in dairy farms

Sawdust: absorbent, can be broken down, but can grow bacteria and pathogens; Wood shavings: absorbent and controls odor; Straw: comfortable, can be composted, needs to be changed frequently; Compost: soft, warm, sustainable, but needs sawdust to keep it dry; Miscanthus: even more absorbent; Flat rubber mats: less cushion and comfort, good for cows that want to stand; Waterbed: consistent support, no abrasions, but needs hands-on work for them to adapt.

Importance of clean bedding

Impacts cow health and milk quality by preventing the growth of bacteria (no infections).