BSC2085 Anatomy and Phisiology 1 (exam 4)

In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________.

PNS; CNS; PNS

The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS.

spinal cord; spinal nerve

Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

spinal nerves
spinal cord
afferent nerve fibers
cranial nerves

Spinal cord

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________.

subarachnoid space

A ____________ is the efferent motor root of a nerve

ventral root

What area of the posterior gray horn is composed of cell bodies of neurons that carry somatic sensory information?

somatic sensory nuclei

A __________ is a region on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent neurons.

dorsal root ganglion

The ____________ contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei.

posterior gray horns

The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________.

pia mater; arachnoid mater

Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

myelinated axons
neuroglia
neuron cell bodies
unmyelinated axons

myelinated axons

The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei.

dorsal

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________

neuron cell bodies (somas)
neuroglia
unmyelinated axons

The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________.

endoneurium

The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________.

dermatome

Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________.

convergent
divergent
reverberating
multipolar

multipolar

The most abundant category of neurons is __________.

interneurons

Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________.

motor neurons

A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex.

visceral

A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________.

efferent axon
afferent axon
sensory receptor

Which processes are always part of a reflex arc?

efferent action potential
receptor activation
afferent action potential

Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc?

output to a peripheral effector
receptor activation
output to upper motor neuron
integration process in the CNS

output to upper motor neuron

The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex.

tendon

The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor.

crossed extensor

The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________.

muscle spindle

A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________.

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________.

Babinski sign; plantar reflex

Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________.

reinforcement

An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________

postponing emptying a full urinary bladder
deliberately walking on hot coals
holding your breath

What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system pathway?

cardiac muscle
glands
smooth muscle

Where can you find the cell bodies of the ganglionic neurons?

autonomic ganglia

Where is the integrative center for autonomic activity located?

hypothalamus

What is the effector of the somatic nervous system pathway?

skeletal muscle

Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neurons located?

in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum

How many neurons comprise the somatic nervous system pathway?

two

What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?

Preganglionic neuron

Which spinal region lacks autonomic preganglionic neurons?

lumbar
sacral
cervical
thoracic

cervical

The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is __________.

true for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems

Sympathetic innervation originates in the _______ and _____________ regions of the spinal cord.

thoracic; upper lumbar

Which of the following effectors is supplied by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?

Intestine

Which of the following is NOT supplied by cervical sympathetic chain ganglia?

Salivary glands
Spleen
Skin of the head
Heart

spleen

Sympathetic ganglionic neurons are found in all these locations except __________.

chain ganglia
intramural ganglia
collateral ganglia
suprarenal medullae

intramural ganglia

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the __________ horn of the __________ cord.

lateral; thoracolumbar

Which response is not part of sympathetic activation?

increased alertness
decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli
decreased muscle tone
increased heart rate

decreased muscle tone

In what part of the given pathway is norepinephrine secreted?

From the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber

Which of these neurotransmitters is not released at sympathetic neuroeffector junctions?

norepinephrine
acetylcholine
nitric oxide
epinephrine

epinephrine

Which of these is not an action of the sympathetic nervous system?

to increase sweating
to constrict the pupils
to reduce skin circulation
to increase heart rate

to constrict the pupils

Which of these substances is not a neurotransmitter at a sympathetic effector synapse?

norepinephrine
gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
epinephrine
acetylcholine (ACh)

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?

urinary bladder

Where are the parasympathetic ganglionic synapses for the heart located?

within the heart itself

Parasympathetic outflow is absent in which of these?

pelvic nerves
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve III
cervical ganglia

cervical ganglia

Which nerves contain the most parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

vagus

The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ at ganglionic synapses, and _________ at its neuroeffector junctions.

acetylcholine; acetylcholine

Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________.

facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses

Which of these organs does not receive parasympathetic input?

stomach
skin
lungs
heart

skin

At which of the following synapses is epinephrine secreted?

Postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia of the adrenal medulla

Which of these is not a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Both affect heart rate.
Both affect the pupils.
Both use norepinephrine.
Both use acetylcholine.

Both use norepinephrine.

The statement "it controls heart rate" is true __________.

for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system

Which of these organs does not receive dual innervation?

eye
sweat glands
salivary gland
heart

sweat glands