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In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________.
PNS; CNS; PNS
The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS.
spinal cord; spinal nerve
Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
spinal nerves
spinal cord
afferent nerve fibers
cranial nerves
Spinal cord
The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.
cell bodies of unipolar neurons
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________.
subarachnoid space
A ____________ is the efferent motor root of a nerve
ventral root
What area of the posterior gray horn is composed of cell bodies of neurons that carry somatic sensory information?
somatic sensory nuclei
A __________ is a region on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent neurons.
dorsal root ganglion
The ____________ contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei.
posterior gray horns
The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________.
pia mater; arachnoid mater
Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
myelinated axons
neuroglia
neuron cell bodies
unmyelinated axons
myelinated axons
The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei.
dorsal
The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________
neuron cell bodies (somas)
neuroglia
unmyelinated axons
The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________.
endoneurium
The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________.
dermatome
Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________.
convergent
divergent
reverberating
multipolar
multipolar
The most abundant category of neurons is __________.
interneurons
Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________.
motor neurons
A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex.
visceral
A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________.
efferent axon
afferent axon
sensory receptor
Which processes are always part of a reflex arc?
efferent action potential
receptor activation
afferent action potential
Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc?
output to a peripheral effector
receptor activation
output to upper motor neuron
integration process in the CNS
output to upper motor neuron
The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex.
tendon
The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor.
crossed extensor
The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________.
muscle spindle
A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________.
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________.
Babinski sign; plantar reflex
Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________.
reinforcement
An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________
postponing emptying a full urinary bladder
deliberately walking on hot coals
holding your breath
What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system pathway?
cardiac muscle
glands
smooth muscle
Where can you find the cell bodies of the ganglionic neurons?
autonomic ganglia
Where is the integrative center for autonomic activity located?
hypothalamus
What is the effector of the somatic nervous system pathway?
skeletal muscle
Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neurons located?
in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum
How many neurons comprise the somatic nervous system pathway?
two
What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?
Preganglionic neuron
Which spinal region lacks autonomic preganglionic neurons?
lumbar
sacral
cervical
thoracic
cervical
The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is __________.
true for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems
Sympathetic innervation originates in the _______ and _____________ regions of the spinal cord.
thoracic; upper lumbar
Which of the following effectors is supplied by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?
Intestine
Which of the following is NOT supplied by cervical sympathetic chain ganglia?
Salivary glands
Spleen
Skin of the head
Heart
spleen
Sympathetic ganglionic neurons are found in all these locations except __________.
chain ganglia
intramural ganglia
collateral ganglia
suprarenal medullae
intramural ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the __________ horn of the __________ cord.
lateral; thoracolumbar
Which response is not part of sympathetic activation?
increased alertness
decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli
decreased muscle tone
increased heart rate
decreased muscle tone
In what part of the given pathway is norepinephrine secreted?
From the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber
Which of these neurotransmitters is not released at sympathetic neuroeffector junctions?
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
nitric oxide
epinephrine
epinephrine
Which of these is not an action of the sympathetic nervous system?
to increase sweating
to constrict the pupils
to reduce skin circulation
to increase heart rate
to constrict the pupils
Which of these substances is not a neurotransmitter at a sympathetic effector synapse?
norepinephrine
gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
epinephrine
acetylcholine (ACh)
gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?
urinary bladder
Where are the parasympathetic ganglionic synapses for the heart located?
within the heart itself
Parasympathetic outflow is absent in which of these?
pelvic nerves
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve III
cervical ganglia
cervical ganglia
Which nerves contain the most parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?
vagus
The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ at ganglionic synapses, and _________ at its neuroeffector junctions.
acetylcholine; acetylcholine
Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________.
facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses
Which of these organs does not receive parasympathetic input?
stomach
skin
lungs
heart
skin
At which of the following synapses is epinephrine secreted?
Postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia of the adrenal medulla
Which of these is not a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?
Both affect heart rate.
Both affect the pupils.
Both use norepinephrine.
Both use acetylcholine.
Both use norepinephrine.
The statement "it controls heart rate" is true __________.
for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system
Which of these organs does not receive dual innervation?
eye
sweat glands
salivary gland
heart
sweat glands