BSC2085 Anatomy and Phisiology 1 (exam 4)

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59 Terms

1
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In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________.

PNS; CNS; PNS

2
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The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS.

spinal cord; spinal nerve

3
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Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

spinal nerves
spinal cord
afferent nerve fibers
cranial nerves

Spinal cord

4
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The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________.

cell bodies of unipolar neurons

5
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The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________.

subarachnoid space

6
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A ____________ is the efferent motor root of a nerve

ventral root

7
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What area of the posterior gray horn is composed of cell bodies of neurons that carry somatic sensory information?

somatic sensory nuclei

8
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A __________ is a region on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent neurons.

dorsal root ganglion

9
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The ____________ contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei.

posterior gray horns

10
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The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________.

pia mater; arachnoid mater

11
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Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

myelinated axons
neuroglia
neuron cell bodies
unmyelinated axons

myelinated axons

12
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The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei.

dorsal

13
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The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________

neuron cell bodies (somas)
neuroglia
unmyelinated axons

14
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The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________.

endoneurium

15
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The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________.

dermatome

16
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Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________.

convergent
divergent
reverberating
multipolar

multipolar

17
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The most abundant category of neurons is __________.

interneurons

18
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Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________.

motor neurons

19
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A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex.

visceral

20
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A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________.

efferent axon
afferent axon
sensory receptor

21
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Which processes are always part of a reflex arc?

efferent action potential
receptor activation
afferent action potential

22
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Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc?

output to a peripheral effector
receptor activation
output to upper motor neuron
integration process in the CNS

output to upper motor neuron

23
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The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex.

tendon

24
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The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor.

crossed extensor

25
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The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________.

muscle spindle

26
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A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________.

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

27
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An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________.

Babinski sign; plantar reflex

28
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Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________.

reinforcement

29
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An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________

postponing emptying a full urinary bladder
deliberately walking on hot coals
holding your breath

30
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What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system pathway?

cardiac muscle
glands
smooth muscle

31
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Where can you find the cell bodies of the ganglionic neurons?

autonomic ganglia

32
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Where is the integrative center for autonomic activity located?

hypothalamus

33
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What is the effector of the somatic nervous system pathway?

skeletal muscle

34
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Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neurons located?

in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum

35
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How many neurons comprise the somatic nervous system pathway?

two

36
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What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?

Preganglionic neuron

37
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Which spinal region lacks autonomic preganglionic neurons?

lumbar
sacral
cervical
thoracic

cervical

38
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The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is __________.

true for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems

39
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Sympathetic innervation originates in the _______ and _____________ regions of the spinal cord.

thoracic; upper lumbar

40
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Which of the following effectors is supplied by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?

Intestine

41
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Which of the following is NOT supplied by cervical sympathetic chain ganglia?

Salivary glands
Spleen
Skin of the head
Heart

spleen

42
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Sympathetic ganglionic neurons are found in all these locations except __________.

chain ganglia
intramural ganglia
collateral ganglia
suprarenal medullae

intramural ganglia

43
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Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the __________ horn of the __________ cord.

lateral; thoracolumbar

44
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Which response is not part of sympathetic activation?

increased alertness
decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli
decreased muscle tone
increased heart rate

decreased muscle tone

45
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In what part of the given pathway is norepinephrine secreted?

From the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber

46
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Which of these neurotransmitters is not released at sympathetic neuroeffector junctions?

norepinephrine
acetylcholine
nitric oxide
epinephrine

epinephrine

47
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Which of these is not an action of the sympathetic nervous system?

to increase sweating
to constrict the pupils
to reduce skin circulation
to increase heart rate

to constrict the pupils

48
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Which of these substances is not a neurotransmitter at a sympathetic effector synapse?

norepinephrine
gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
epinephrine
acetylcholine (ACh)

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

49
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Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?

urinary bladder

50
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Where are the parasympathetic ganglionic synapses for the heart located?

within the heart itself

51
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Parasympathetic outflow is absent in which of these?

pelvic nerves
cranial nerve X
cranial nerve III
cervical ganglia

cervical ganglia

52
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Which nerves contain the most parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

vagus

53
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The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ at ganglionic synapses, and _________ at its neuroeffector junctions.

acetylcholine; acetylcholine

54
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Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________.

facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses

55
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Which of these organs does not receive parasympathetic input?

stomach
skin
lungs
heart

skin

56
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At which of the following synapses is epinephrine secreted?

Postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia of the adrenal medulla

57
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Which of these is not a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Both affect heart rate.
Both affect the pupils.
Both use norepinephrine.
Both use acetylcholine.

Both use norepinephrine.

58
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The statement "it controls heart rate" is true __________.

for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system

59
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Which of these organs does not receive dual innervation?

eye
sweat glands
salivary gland
heart

sweat glands