Bio: T1-2 Functional Groups

Part 1

Hydroxyl

• Polar, forms H-bonds

• Present in sugars and some amino acids

Structure: Has OH and looks like water

Carbonyl

• Polar

• Present in sugars

Structure: Doesn’t have the OH

Carbonxyl

• Polar

• Acidic

• Present in fatty acids and amino acids and nucleotides and phospholipids

Structure: Contains OH

Amino

• Polar

• Basic

• Forms H-bonds

• Present in amino acids

Structure: Contains N

Sulfhydryl

• Polar

• forms disulfide bonds

• Present in some amino acids

Structure: Contains S

Phosphate

• Polar

• acidic

• Present in nucleotides, phospholipids

Structure: Contains P

What are the six functional groups?

Hydroxl, Carbonyl, Carbonxyl, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Amino

Organic Compound

Chemical compound that contains Carbon

What are the four organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides —> Polysaccharides

Lipids

Glycerol + Fatty Acids —> Doesn’t have polymers

Proteins

Amino Acids —> Polypeptides

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides —> DNA, RNA

Polymers

Large molecules made up of the same smaller units called monomers.

Monomers

Small, simple molecules that act as building blocks.

Dehydration Reaction

• Used to connect monomers together to make polymers

(A chemical reaction in which subunits are joined together by the formation of covalent bonds, H₂O is produced during this reaction)

Hydrolysis

• Used to break apart polymers into monomers

(A chemical reaction when H₂O is added to break covalent bonds)

Monosaccharides

A single sugar molecule with 3-7 carbons

Examples of Monosaccharides

Glucose, Fruticose, and Galactose

Hexoses

6 carbon atoms

Pentose

5 carbon atoms

Disaccharides

two monosaccharides together due to a dehydration reaction.

Glycosidic Bonds

The bond formed between two monosaccharide molecules.

Polysaccharides

A polymer of monosaccharides

Starch

Provides energy storage in plants

Example of Polyssacharides

Glycogen

Provides energy storage in animals

Example of polysaccharides

Cellulose

Found within the cell walls of plants

Helps with stability

Example of polysaccharides

Chitin

Found in cell walls of fungi

Peptidoglycan

Found in the cell walls of bacteria

Examples of polysaccharides

Starch, cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan, glycogen