Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 3: Skeletal System

Skeletal system functions

Support, storage, protection, blood cell formation, movement

Blood Shape categories

Long, short, flat, irregular

Long bone example

Humerus

Short bone example

Carpals

Flat bone example

Sternum

Irregular bone example

Vertebrae

What is A

Articulate hyaline cartilage

What is B

Spongy Bone

What is C

Compact bone

What is D

Epiphyseal plate

What is E

Epiphysis

What is F

Diaphysis

Osteoblasts

Build bone tissue

Osteoclast

Break down bone tissue

Hypertrophy

Stronger bones

Atrophy

Weaker bones

Axial skeleton

• Skull

• Vertebrae column

• Thoracic cage

  • Ribs

  • Sternum

What bone is blue

Frontal bone

What bone is green

Parietal bone

What bone is purple

Ethmoid bone

What bone is yellow

Sphenoid bone

What bone is red

Temporal bone

What bone is orange

Occipital

What facial bone is blue

Zygomatic bone

What facial bone is yellow

Nasal

What facial bone is red

Maxilla

What facial bone is green

Mandible

What facial bone is purple

Lacrimal

Vertebrae column

• Cervical

  • 7

• Thoracic

  • 12

• Lumbar

  • 5

• Sacrum

• Coccyx

Abnormal spine curvatures

• Lordosis

• Kyphosis

• Scoliosis

Lordosis

Excessive curvature of lumbar spine

kyphosis

Excessive curvature of thoracic spine (hatchback)

scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the vertebral column

Ribs

• True ribs

  • 14

• False ribs

  • 6

• Floating ribs

  • 4

True ribs

7 ribs on each side attached to sternum

false ribs

3 ribs on each side that don’t attach to the sternum but only connect to the cartilage

Floating ribs

2 ribs on each side that is connected to the vertebral column not the cartilage or sternum

Sternum: superior portion

Manubrium

Sternum: middle portion

Body

Sternum: inferior portion

Xiphoid process

Shoulder girdle/complex

• Clavicle (collarbone)

• Scapula

Arm bones

• Humerus

• Radius (connects to thumb)

• Ulna

metacarpals

In between phalanges and carpals

Phalanges

Distal, middle, proximal (touching metacarpals)

• Thumb only has distal and proximal

Carpal bones

“Sally left the party to take Cathy home”

• Scaphoid

• Lunate

• Triquetrum

• Pisiform

• Trapezium

• Trapezoid

• Capitate

• Hamate

What carpal bone is red

scaphoid

What carpal bone is blue

Lunate

What carpal bone is green

Triquetrum

What carpal bone is yellow

Pisiform

What carpal bone is pink

Trapezium

What carpal bone is black

Trapezoid

What carpal bone is dark blue

Capitate

What carpal bone is purple

Hamate

Pelvic girdle

• Illium

• Ishcium

• Pubis

Metatarsals

in between phalanges and tarsals

Tarsals

• Calcaneus

• Talus

• Navicular

• Cuboid

• Medial cuneiform

• Intermediate cuneiform

• Lateral cuneiform

What tarsal bone is purple

Calcaneus

What tarsal bone is yellow

Talus

What tarsal bone is blue

Navicular

What tarsal bone is green

Cuboid

What tarsals are red

Cuneiforms

What cuneiform is to the left

Medial cuneiform

What cuneiform is in the middle

Intermediate cuneiform

What cuneiform is to the left

Lateral cuneiform

Projections (aka processe)

markings that grow out from the bone (condole, epicondyle, head, facet, crest (line), tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, spine)

Depressions (cavities)

Markings that indent the bone (sinus, foramen, sulcus/groove, fossa)

synarthrosis

Immovable joints (skull, coracoacromial joint, distal tibiofibular joint)

amphiarthrosis

Slightly moveable (sternocostal joint, vertebral joints, pubic symphysis)

Synovial (Diarthroses) joints

Freely movable

Synovial joint types

• Hinge

  • Humerus and ulna (humeroulnar)

• Condylar

  • Phalanx and metacarpal bone (metacarpophalangeal)

• Pivot

  • Radius and ulna (radioulnar)

• Ball and socket

  • Humerus and scapula (humeroscapular)

• Gliding

  • Carpal bones (intercarpal)

• Saddle

  • Metacarpal bone and carpal bone (trapeziometacarpal)

Tendons

Muscle to bone

Ligaments

Bone to bone

How to name joints

1. Proximal bone or labrum name(minus ending)

2. Add “O”

3. Add distal bone name (change ending to ar/al)

types of motion

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Depression

• Elevation

• Eversion

• Inverison

• Flexion

• Extension

• Hyperextension

• Medial(internal) rotation

• Lateral(external) rotation

• Plantar flexion

• Dorsiflexion

• Pronation

• Supination

• Protraction

• Retraction

• Radial deviation

• Ulnar deviation

• Circumduction

• Opposition

Abduction

moving a part away from midline

Adduction

Moving a part toward midline

Depression

lowering a part (scapula only)

Elevation

Raising a part (scapula only)

Eversion

Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally

Inversion

Turning the foot so the sole faces medially

Flexion

Bending so joint angle decreases, parts come closer together

Extension

Straightening of joint so angle increases, parts farther apart

Hyperextension

Excessive extension beyond anatomical position

Medial rotation

Rotation towards the center of the body

Lateral rotation

Rotation away from the center of the body

Plantar flexion

Bending of foot at ankle to “point the toes”

Dorsiflexion

Bending of foot at ankle toward tibia

Pronation

Turning the hand so the palm to downward

Supination

Turning the hand so the palm is upward

Protraction

Moving a part forward (mandible and scapula only)

Retraction

Moving a part backward (mandible and scapula only)

Radial deviation

Rotation of the wrist laterally

Ulnar deviation

Rotation of the wrist medially

Circumduction

Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path

Opposition

Touching any finger to the thumb

What marking is red

Zygomatic pirch

What marking is orange

Ramus of the mandible

What marking is yellow-orange

Acromion process

What marking is yellow

Bicipital groove

What marking is light green

Coracoid process