Apush period 2

What were Spain’s main goals in colonization

Set up cash crop plantations, expand into the Southwest U.S., spread Catholicism.

What happened after the Pueblo Revolt

Spain was exiled for 12 years and later allowed religious tolerance.

Why did Spain shift to using African slaves

After the Pueblo Revolt and Native resistance.

What were the French and Dutch goals in colonization

Monopoly on fur trade, mercantilism.

What major French settlement was founded in 1608

Quebec.

Who established New Amsterdam

Henry Hudson (for the Dutch).

How did French and Dutch settlers relate to Natives

Allied with tribes for fur trade.

Who did the French ally with against the Iroquois

The Algonquians.

Why did Britain encourage colonization

Overpopulation, economic depression, religious persecution.

What made British colonization different

Colonists set up representative governments, varied in religious tolerance.

What crop saved Jamestown economically

Tobacco.

What was the headright system

Gave land to settlers who paid to bring over indentured servants.

How did British colonists’ view of land differ from Native Americans

Britons fenced and restricted land; Natives saw land as communal.

What was Metacom’s War

Conflict over land and cultural differences; ended with English victory.

What were Chesapeake colonies’ main economic activities

Tobacco plantations with indentured servants and some slaves.

What caused sharp class divisions in Virginia

The plantation system and voting restrictions.

What characterized New England colonies

Small farms, Puritanism, strict religious control.

What was the Great Migration

14,000 Puritans moved to New England in the 1630s.

What made the Middle Colonies different

Ethnically diverse, mixed farming and industry, religious tolerance.

Who founded Pennsylvania and for what purpose

William Penn; religious freedom (Quakerism).

What was the main Southern colony economy

Plantations (sugar, rice, tobacco, indigo) reliant on enslaved Africans.

Why was Georgia founded

A place for debt prisoners to work off debts.

What was the Pueblo Revolt

Puebloans rebelled against Spanish forced labor and Catholic conversion.

What was the outcome of the Pueblo Revolt

Spain reduced the encomienda system and allowed religious syncretism.

What caused Bacon’s Rebellion

Poor farmers angry at Native attacks and lack of promised land.

What was the result of Bacon’s Rebellion

Shift from indentured servants to African slavery.

What sparked Metacom’s War

English fencing off land and livestock destroying Native crops.

What was the Enlightenment's key political idea

Government must protect rights; people can revolt if it doesn't.

Who was a major Enlightenment thinker for colonial America

John Locke.

What was the Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing emotional sermons and individual faith.

Who was a key Great Awakening preacher

George Whitefield.

How did the Great Awakening change views on authority

Encouraged questioning authority and promoted independence.

What were the Navigation Acts

British laws controlling colonial trade to benefit England.

What was "salutary neglect"

Britain loosely enforced trade laws before 1760s.

What was the Consumer Revolution

Colonial elites embraced European goods and culture.

What company controlled much of the English slave trade

Royal African Company.

What was the Stono Rebellion

A 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina, led to harsher slave codes.

What were the New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741

Mass panic over supposed slave revolt; executions and deportations followed.

Where did most African slaves go in the colonies

Southern and Chesapeake plantations.

Why was slavery less common in New England

Small farms, less need for plantation labor.

What percent of the colonial population were African Americans by 1775

20%, mostly in the South.