APUSH Unit 7

1920s, Great Depression, and WWII

Emergency Quota Act

An act in 1921 where newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the US in 1910. It's significance was it limited the immigration of new immigrants in the US however it didn't have the intended effect on limiting specifically new immigrants.

National Origins Act

A law that severely restricted immigration using quotas with percentages from years to specifically Target immigration from South and Eastern Europe and they excluded asians. It was in effect until the 1960s. It stops the immigration of new immigrants and reflected nativist sentiment.

New Woman

A concept of a new woman. A white middle class woman who broke through public spheres, moved freely, supported herself, dressed practically, drank and smoked in public,, and supported women's suffrage. It was a feminist movement that broke through traditional public spheres for women and advocated for greater rights and opportunities in the workplace. It was symbolized by flappers.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

This group was formed originally to fight the suppression of Rights and civil liberties during the red scare. This group stepped up to challenge laws restricting the teaching of evolution in schools and they defended Scopes in the Scopes trial. Significance was they tried to defend and preserve individual rights and Liberties which were violated in the U.S.

CLarence Darrow

He was a criminal defense lawyer for John scopes. He was an Infamous lawyer who took cases with the ACLU to challenge laws that violated civil liberties. He was famous first questioning of William Jennings Bryan about the Bible and made him look foolish. He argued that the government anti-evolution laws were unconstitutional violations of the first amendment.

Scopes trial

A case over the constitutionality of laws that restricted teaching of evolution. John Scopes agreed with the ACLU to teach Evolution and break the butler Act in Tennessee because they felt it violated the First Amendment and separation of church and state. Two famous lawyers Clarence Darrow for defense and William Jennings Bryan as the prosecutor. It was an extremely famous case that many listen to on radio and attended in person. Scopes was found guilty in 9 minutes. Eventually it led to the butler acts being repealed and the ruling that laws can't prohibit teaching of evolution but not for several years.

Sacco and Vanzetti

A trial of Two Italian immigrants that were convicted on very little and circumstantial evidence of robbery and murder. They were new immigrants that were political radicalists and evaded draft. Even though later evidence pointed towards their guilt this case was decided not on evidence but on anti-immigrant anti radical prejudice and attitude of Americans. They were convicted and executed.

New Negro

AA term for an African-American who had a new dignity and refusal to submit to racist practices like segregation. Stressed Independence racial pride and a commitment to Bringing about racial equality. A movement for racial uplift of African-Americans that Advance the civil rights movement and push for equality. Alain Leroy Locke Anthology new negro

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural boom of African Americans in the fields of art music and literature. Centered around an area of New York City called harlem. A Revival of music and art of African American heritage. Major Figures were Langston Hughes Johnson Hurston mckay. Changed Americans perception of African americans, installed a new spirit of self-determination and racial pride, and a new commitment to political activism.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A scandal during the Harding Administration in which the Secretary of interior Albert B Falls profited from the secret leasing of government oil reserves set aside for the Navy to private oil companies for profit. The oil reserves were in Teapot Dome Wyoming and other places. One of the most extreme examples of government corruption and revealed an unprecedented level of greed and corruption in the federal government and in the Harding administration.

Kellog-Briand Pact

This pact was also known as The Pact of Paris and it was signed with the French and 62 other nations. It was a multilateral agreement attempting to eliminate War as an instrument of national policy. It made War illegal as a tool of foreign policy and encouraged Nations to settle disputes with peaceful means. It ultimately failed but it was an effort to maintain International peace.

Good Neighbor Policy

American foreign policy towards Latin American countries with the principles of non-intervention and non-interference. The US attempted to repair relationships with Latin American countries by stating they would stay out of domestic affairs of Latin American countries and emphasize cooperation and trade rather than military forced to ensure stability in the western hemisphere.

Dawes Plan

A plan in 1924 that successfully resolved the issue of Germany's debt due to the reparations that they had to pay from World War i. The US loan money to Germany so they could pay reparations. It showed that issues could be resolved peacefully in Europe but also showed economic crisis in Europe and germany.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act

A high tariff passed by Herbert Hoover in 1930 during the Great Depression. Hoover hopes that by taxing imported goods the Tariff would stimulate American manufacturing and industry. The Tariff triggered other countries to raise tariffs which continued to hinder global trade and lead to Greater economic harm. It made Hoover more unpopular.

Bonus Army

A Group of World War 1 veterans that were hit by the depression and marched impacts to the White House to demand that their bonuses be given to them early. They hope to pressure Congress into paying them. Hoover forcefully removed them from the parks around the White House with military force and in the chaos of baby died. It shed an extremely badly on Hoover's presidency and steal the deal that he wouldn't be reelected.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A federal agency created by the glass steagall reform act. It ensures up to a set amount of money that people have in banks in case of a bank collapse like during the great depression. It was a part of the bank holiday that helped to rebuild the banking system and establish more Trust in banks.

National Industrial Recovery Act

This act meant that companies were required to invent industry-wide codes of Fair competition that fixed wages and prices to promote stable growth. It was done to help the manufacturing industry recover. It was a form of self-regulation for business. It created the NRA to promote compliance and created industrial codes for companies to follow it also outlawed child labor. It encouraged cooperation between business and labor but was later ruled unconstitutional.

National Recovery Administration

ThisThis Administration was created under the national industrial Recovery Act to enforce compliance of industrial codes and create cooperation between business and labor.

John L Lewis

He was a leader of organized labor a union leader who was president of the United Mine Workers of america. He helped found the Congress of industrial organizations which was a rival group to the American Federation of labor. He helped coal strikes. He wanted to take advantage of pro labor and New Deal legislation. He helps to organize non-skilled workers and founded Congress of industrial organizations. He oversaw strikes and Advance the labor movement.

Civilian Conservation Corps

AA government relief program that aims to create jobs for young men in ages 18 to 25. It created jobs through National Conservation work like planting trees, building flood barriers, Etc these men would stay at government camps and send money back to their families. It was an important relief bill creating jobs for 3 million men by creating National Conservation work.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

This Administration paid Farmers for cutting down their production of crops to hopefully bring prices for crops back up. It raised income but overall hurt farmers especially sharecroppers and tenant farmers. It was ruled an unconstitutional in 1936. It was a Recovery Act that attempted to raise prices by cutting down on production and was a to new agricultural programs in the second new deal.

Tennesee Valley Authority

A new deal agency to Aid the Tennessee Valley which was a chronically poor region. It was a recovery program to stimulate the economy. It provided work in flood control, reforestation, improving farmland, producing nitrates, building dams, creating electricity, and overall assisted in industrial and agricultural development. It works to modernize agrarian societies and became the largest producer of electrical power. It also created jobs 3 billion dollars were spent on TVA projects and it brought cheap electricity to many.

Works Progress Administration

The largest and most ambitious New Deal agency that spent 10 billion and employed over 8 million jobless workers. It created jobs through various public works like construction projects art projects and more. It brought relief through providing jobs to countless people and brought down unemployment rates. It was very influential despite controversy.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Critic of FDR who felt he wasn't doing enough and therefore criticized the new deal. He wanted social justice and an annual income for all americans. He grew huge support from listeners on the radio. He was a major critic of the new deal because he wanted more done and desire to social justice program which guaranteed annual income and also wanted nationalization of banks

Francis Townsend

A a social reformer who wanted more government aid for the elderly and therefore called for a government-sponsored pension and he attracted many senior citizens with his plan that people over 60 would receive money from the government. His plans and ideas influenced the Social Security Act and he was a Critic of the new deal for not providing enough reform.

Huey Long

AA governor of Louisiana who criticized FDR's program the New Deal for not going for enough. He was a left-wing populist who wanted to end depression with his share the wealth program. He was a demagogue to use emotions rather than rational arguments to gain huge support. He was a challenge to FDR as he planned to run against him until he was assassinated and wanted a share the wealth program which would take the money of anyone who made more than a million dollars a year and who had more than 3 million dollars in total and would spread the money around to everyone more equally.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

ThisThis act protected the rights of workers to organize labor unions to engage in collective bargaining and to take part in strikes and organize activity to meet their demands. It created the National Labor Relations Board to protect these rights. It was a huge advancement for the labor movement as their rights to form unions was protected, it allowed unions to grow, and it allowed for labor to become more militant and produce real change for American workers.

Social Security Act

An act to provide for the general welfare of citizens by establishing a system of benefits for the elderly or disabled. It established guaranteed retirement plans for citizens, Federal unemployment insurance, and initially included Universal Health care. It was Cornerstone legislation of the second new deal and it was a significant act turning the us into a welfare state making the US government responsible for Citizens and it created a safety net for citizens and set the precedent that the government owes them a level of security.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for the nation to fully recover from a depression the government had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption. He championed the idea of deficits spending. He called for the government to hire jobless workers for public works and by bringing down unemployment it would stimulate private business and rehiring to end the depression. His views on how to address and reverse depression affected and influenced FDR and his new deal action to promote money into hiring people and stimulating the economy.

Court Packing bill

A bill proposed by FDR to reform the Supreme Court by appointing an additional Justice for every Justice over the age 70. He argued that some justices were out of touch with the nation's need after they shot down new deal legislation. It was a very controversial Bill and critics argued that Roosevelt was trying to pack the court with judges that supported him and his new deal. It reflected FDR's frustration with the Supreme Court that was hostile to the New Deal but failed to pass as his efforts to neutralize his opponents were clear. It halted the political momentum of the new deal along with the Roosevelt recession.

Frances Perkins

She was the US Secretary of Labor under Roosevelt and his loyal supporter. She championed aspects of the New Deal including the Civilian Conservation corps. Public Works administration. And the nira. She was the first ever woman appointed to the cabinet and pulled the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She Advanced movement for women's equality and she drafted the Social Security Act which was crucial to the New Deal and transforming the us into a welfare state.

Harry Hopkins

He was a New York social worker who headed the federal emergency relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration he also headed the WPA which he built into the largest employer in the us. He was one of the architects of the new deal and played a vital role in supervising relief programs that helped to employ thousands during the depression.

General Motors Strike

A strike in 1936 in Flint Michigan were over 136,000 General Motors workers participated in the sit-down strike were workers stop working but remained at the workplace. It was known as the strike heard around the world. It was a major United Auto Workers Victory and force General Motors to recognize the United Auto Workers as a bargaining agent for workers. It caused games for the labor movement and caused union membership to increase and showed the arrest of workers during the depression.

Securities and Exchange Commission

A vital piece of Reform legislation intended to regulate business and economy by enforcing in regulating the stock market. It protected investors and punished stock fraud or fraud and security trading. It was an independent federal government agency responsible for protecting investors and ensuring orderly functioning of the stock market. It's significance was it restored faith in the economy and the stock market and encourage investing in the stock market again.

Fair Labor Standards Act

This act set a 40 hour 7 day work week as normal and enforced overtime pay. It set the first national minimum wage and even though it was very low it set the precedent for regulating wages. It prohibited child labor and affected 700,000 workers. Affected employees in interstate commerce or production of goods for Interstate commerce. It was a huge advancement for the labor movement that established maximum hours and set precedence for a national minimum wage.

Eleanor Roosevelt

TheThe wife of FDR who revolutionized the role of first lady. She was extremely active in helping the poor, african-americans, and women. She held press conferences, had a newspaper column, and traveled for fdr. She later became an ambassador for the UN. She redefined the role of being a first lady and did a tremendous amount during the presidency for fdr. She was a human rights activist who stood up for minorities and promoted the needs a vulnerable Americans.

Black Cabinet

AnAn informal term for the federal Council of negro Affairs which was a group of African Americans appointed to government positions by FDR that served as unofficial advisors for him. By 1935 there were 45 African Americans in federal government positions. It was a superficial gain for civil rights that gave visibility to African Americans and allowed FDR to see and hear the plight of African-American citizens

John Collier

A social reformer who is an advocate for the Native American people during the new deal. He was the US Commissioner of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945 and tried to stop government attempts to civilize the Native Americans and tried to reawaken interest in Native American culture. He played a vital role in the Indian reorganization Act which attempted to reverse the Dawes Act.

Indian Reorganization Act

ThisThis act attempted to reverse the dawes act and the privatization and allotment of communal land of the Native americans. It restored a lot of tribal power as it returned tribes to self-government on a tribal basis. It restored Indians to management of their assets included Provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. It was organized by John Collier.

Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936

TheseThese acts clearly these acts clearly stated that the US would remain neutral in World War II and would offer no support to countries that war. They prohibited any financial aid that would entangle the US in the war and reflected fear of getting involved like in the first world war. Stated no loaning or foreign investments, no giving it weapons or supplies to Nations at war. It was an official statement that the US would not Aid Nations at War and we are a neutral Nation.

Cash and Carry Policy

TheThe cash and carry policy stated that if a country at War wanted to purchase non militaristic goods from the US it had to pick them up in its own ships and pay for them in cash. It was adopted in 1937. It was intended to allow Allied Nations to purchase supplies while maintaining assemblance of neutrality. It aided economy coming out of the depression. The paying cash policy reflected Bureau of an economic entanglement.

Lend Lease Act

ThisThis act stated that the US government could lend or lease War supplies to any Nations deemed vital to the defense of the US and democracy. I gave FDR power to sell transfer and exchange equipment to the allies. The US was able to supply military aid to foreign allies during World War II while remaining neutral and boosted the US economy as it opened foreign markets which was a vital in getting rid of the depression.

Japenese Internment

TheThe forced removal of Japanese Americans into internment camps because of irrational fear about the National Security of the West Coast because of fear that Japanese Americans would act as saboteurs for japan. It reflected fear of Japanese-Americans and was very controversial because it violated the civil rights of Japanese Americans and reflected the belief that rights could be violated for national security.

Korrmatsu vs. United States

AA court where Fred Korematsu challenge the constitutionality of Japanese internment saying that it violated the constitutional rights of Japanese Americans. This case upheld the executive order and said it was constitutional as a wartime measure and it reflected the belief that individual rights could be violated if they were believed to be a threat to the nation security.

D-Day

AA battle on June 6th 1944 were over a million troops led by Eisenhower storm the beaches of Normandy France and began the process of retaking France. Allied Forces combined to attack Germany and break its hold on france. It ended in huge casualties for more than 9,000 Allied soldiers were killed or wounded in the first 24 hours. It was considered the successful beginning of the end of Hitler's tyrannical regime and led to the liberation of France and the ultimate end of the war with Germany. It also opened up a second front as Russia had wanted.

Manhattan project

AA top secret government project to produce the first atomic bombs during World War II. Under the lead of the nation's top physicist allies created the first atomic bombs which were instruments of mass destruction used at a great cost but ultimately ended the war and averted further suffering. The atomic bombs were detonated in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing 210,000 people and leading to the unconditional surrender of Japan

J. Robert Oppenheimer

HeHe led the Manhattan Project during World War II to develop the first atomic bombs. He was known as the father of the atomic bomb. He led the nation's top physicists at Los Alamos National Laboratory and helped allies create the first atomic bomb and and the war with japan.

Atlactic Charter

A meeting between FDR in Winston Churchill to provide the ideological foundation of the western cause of the war. They called for economic cooperation, National self-determination, and guarantees for political stability. They discussed post war Europe and was a basis of the UN Charter wanted post for international relations to be peaceful and cooperative and solve through negotiation and not the use of threat or Force.

United Nations

A collective security organization designed to maintain International Peace following World War II it was an international peacekeeping organization and a forum for resolving conflicts between nations. It is successful still in effect as a powerful organization today. It was established in 1945 by the four main allied powers it has an emphasis on peace, security, International law, economic development, human rights,. The US supported this group because it has more say than League of Nations.

Yalta Conference

AA meeting in in Yalta in 1945 between FDR Winston Churchill and Stalin to discuss the treatment and division of germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the UN, and the Russian entry into the war against japan. It divided Germany into sectors and stated that the governments of Eastern Europe would be chosen by free elections. The conference focused on foreign policy and Europe post war. It was one of the causes of the Cold War as most of the agreements made were broken.

Potsdam Conference

A final wartime meeting between Truman from the us, Britain and the Soviet Union held in Potsdam outside berlin. The leaders discussed the future of europe. Truman received news that the atomic bomb was a success here and Poland was a point of contention in the meeting. Ultimately the failure to reach meaningful agreement soon to the onset of the Cold War and relations between the big three began to break down.

Brain Trust

Group of advisors FDR had to develop plan for fighting depression

Fireside Chats

FDR’s form of bully pulpit-formed connection with people-told them his plans and about New Deal

New Deal

FDR’s program to defeat depression-3 rs

\-Relief'

\-Recovery

\-Reform

Increased size, cost, and power of fed gov

established that economic stability is a primary responsibility of the gov

citizen dependence on the government

made the U.S. a welfare state

did not end the depression but helped the nation get through it

Bank Holiday

permitted banks to reopen only if a TReasury Department inspection showed they had sufficient cash reserves

\-done to restore stability and faith in the banking system

Glass-Steagall Act

created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured deposits up to $2,500 and prohibited banks from making risky unsecured investments with deposits

21st Amendment

Ended prohibition to bring in more revenue

F*ederal Emergency RElief Administration*

\-provided federal funding for immediate state relief programms-Harry Hopkins

Civil Works Administration

created manual jobs for millions to get them through the winter of emergency

Public Works Administration

construction program to create jobs

*Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)*

Organization to to refinance home mortgages and help American’s retain their homes

*Federal Housing Administation/Federal Housing Act*

Extended HOLC and changed the mortgage system and set foundation for expansion of homeownership post WW11

Schecter vs United States

The case in which the Supreme court ruled the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional as it delegated too much power to the executive.

SIt Down Strikes

strikes were becoming more and more prevalent during the great depression

Roosevelt Recession

A period from 1937 to 1939 were Roosevelt reverted to more conservative policies as debt climbed. This quickly reversed the good New Deal policies had started and he switched back to defict spending. Slowed momentum of New Deal

League of Nations

failed attempt at collective security post WWI-led to WWII

Treaty of Versailles

dissatisfaction with this treaty led to WWII

Appeasement

Policy where Britain and France gave in to Germany to prevent war

Fascism

Government systems that arose (Germany) where people are subordinate to state, rights aren’t important, extreme nationalism, blind obedience, militarism is prevalent. This type of government systems arose in Europe and led to WWII

Munich Pact

Britain and France tell Germany that it can’t take any more land in Czechoslovakia or in Europe to create Lebensraum-they draw the line. This pact is broken by Germany and this leads to war

Blitzkrieg

The three waves German attack on Poland that is the ultimate cause of the war.

Quarantine Speech

The speech where FDR states he wants to get involved, against fascism, protect democracy, U.S. wasn’t not really isolated. He realizes that the public doesn’t want to get involved.

Four Freedoms

Influential speech where FDR states the 4 freedoms that Germany has taken away and why they should enter war. Four freedoms:freedom of speech and of religion, and freedom from want and fear.

Selective Service Act 1940

First ever peace time draft that began gathering forces and building up U.S. defenses.

Hideki Tojo

Leader of Japan during WWII who was imperialistic and wanted to attack the U.S. after they placed a detrimental embargo on Japan.

Pearl Harbor

A surprise Japanese attack on U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor that ultimately pushed the U.S. into WWII and completely changed public support.

Office of Production Management

headed by William Knudson to increase war production

War production Board

headed by Donald Nelson to increase war production

Office of Price Administration

Organization that controlled inflation by price fixing

War Bonds

Bonds that the U.S. used to finance 60% of the war

Revenue Act of 1942

Greatest tax bill in U.S. history this act raised income taxes, excess profit taxes, etc. to finance war.

National War Labor Board

Organization that mobilized labor and established a no strike pledge. Stabilized prices and wages.

Smith-Connally Act

Act that prohibited strikes in defense industries

*War Powers Act*

FDR has control over all aspects of the war effort

Philip Randolph

Took advantage of war circumstances and organized a march for civil rights. Won FECP and equal pay for African Americans

Executive Order 8802

Established fair employment practices commision which gave equal pay to African Americans for the war. In reality it didn’t really happen but it set a precedent and earned superficial racial equality. Prohibited discrimination of employment in defense industries.

*Executive order 9066*

Authorized the War department to force Japanse Americans into relocation camps for the duration of the war

Office of War information

This organization worked to coordinate release of war news, promoted patriotism and the sense of responsibility of citizens to aid the war cause. Spread wartime propaganda.

Battle of Stalingrad

A Russian victory against German forces that had been extremely successful in pushing into Russia. In this battle, the Russians began the shift of pushing Germans back out of Russia. It was the first major turning point of the war. Came at huge losses for both sides.

Battle of the Bulge

It was the last major german offensive move of the war and ended in an allied victory. Allies made the final push towards Berlin and it showed victory was at hand.

Battle of Midway

This battle was a turning point of the War in the pacific against Japan. The war began to turn in the favor of the U.S.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

In this Battle the U.S. regained control of the Philipines.

U.S.S. Missouri

Formal signing of the end of the war with Japan and their official surrender occured here on Sept 2 1945.

President Harding

A president who wanted a “return to normalcy” meaning a return to probusiness laissez faire attitude of the government. He was also known for having a corrupt administration with many scandals. He was a republican

President Coolidge

President who succeeded Harding and also had a pro-business laissez faire outlook. He appointed pro business leaders to progressive regulatory bodies and cut down taxes on the wealthy. He was a republican.

President Hoover

Republican president during the beginning of the Great Depression. His views of rugged individualism, laissez-faire government, unsuccessful reliance on private charity or local aid, refusal to accept the severity of the depression, and hesitance to give out direct aid made him very unpopular and he was partially blamed for the severity of the Great Depression and his refusal to help the American Citizens. He did create the Reconstruction Finance Corporation but his aid was to little to late.

Red Scare

A period of time where there was great fear of a communist revolution and there was great suspicion and nativism. The palmer raids occurred and violated civil rights as they arrested those believed to be involved in communist activity.

A. Mitchel Palmer

Attorney General who organized palmer raids and the FBI to investigate those believed to be political radicalists.

Great MIgration

The movement of AA during WWI into the north and into industrial cities. It led to a dark period of racial violence and race riots in the 20s.

Klu Klux Klan

The Klu Klux Klan made a resurgence during the 20s and became a national organization. They were against anyone who didn’t fit the anglosaxin mold. The were anitcatholic, nativist, racist, etc.