zoology lab finals

Upper Lip Fold

Partly a fold of skin extending over the upper jaw

Sulcus Marginalis

A groove which runs throughout the extent of the upper jaw

Median Subrostral Fossa

A depression at the mid-anterior portion of the sulcus marginalis

Pulvinar rostrale

Slight elevations on each side of the median subrostral fossa

Lateral subrostral fossae

Two depressions of the sulcus marginalis

Internal nares

Anterolaterally located on the roof of the mouth; represent opening if the nostrils into the oral cavity

Eustachian tube

Open in the posterolateeal corner of the roof of the mouth;lead to the middle ear

Lower jaw

Forms the rigid rim of the floor of the mouth

Tuberculum prelinguale

Single elevation at the tip of the lower jaw

Prelinguale fossae

Shallow depressions on each side of the tuberculum prelinguale

Tongue

Occupies the greater part of the buccal cavity

Pharyngeal prominence

Round somewhat elevated part posterior to the free end of the tongue

Entrance of the esophagus

At the posterior end of the oral cavity

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Glottis

Opening located far posteriorly on the ventral midline of the oral cavity

Pleuroperitoneal and pericardial cavities

2 compartments of the coelom

Body cavity or coelom

Lined throughout with a membrane known as the peritoneum

Viscera

internal organs

Omentum

Connects one organ to another

Visceral peritoneum

the shiny, thin membrane covering the visceral organs

Parietal peritoneum

Covers the wall of the coelom

Visceral pericardium

Membranous tissue covering the outermost wall of the heart

Parietal pericardium

Thin membranous tissue covering the heart but not attached to it

Stomach

Enlarged portion of the digestive tract

Cardiac region

Wider anterior portion which joins the esophagus

Pyloric region

Narrower portion of the stomach

Pylorus

Slight constriction of the stomach

Pyloric valve or sphincter

Located withi the pylorus

Rugae

folds in the stomach

Mesogaster

mesentery found from the stomach to the dorsal body wall

Small intestine

Long narrow coiled tube extending from the pylorus to the much dilated large intestine

Mesenterium or mesentery proper

Mesentery of small intestine

Large intestine

Relatively short tube extending from the small intestine ti the cloaca

Cloaca

Posterior end of the digestive tract

Liver

largest gland in the body

Gall bladder

stores bile

Pancreas

Long, thin, irregular mass of light to yellow-colored glandular tissue

gastrohepatoduodenal ligament

Omentum of stomach

Bile duct

Brings material from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas into duodenum

Pancreatic duct

Drains the pancreas

Hepatic duct

Drains the liver

Cystic duct

Drains the gall bladder

Spleen

Spherical organ located in the mesentery

Gonads

ovaries and testes

Oviducts

Folded tubes in female frogs

Fat bodies

Yellowish with fingerlike projections

Vocal sacs

A pair of sacs in the mouth of a male frog

Larynx or voice box

Lies just beneath the glottis; part of the vocal tract

Lungs

Main organs of the respiratory system that lies at the anteriot limit of the abdominal cavity

Respiration

The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain

Breathing

Muscular operation accomplished by the chest muscles and the diaphragm

Cross-matching

method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

ABO blood group system

Most important blood group system in blood transfusion and organ transplantation

Cell typing

Direct/forward typing

Serum typing

ABO reverse typing

Agglutinogens

substances/chemicals on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing

Antibodies

fight foreign organisms which enter the body

Kidneys

major organs of the excretory system

Adrenal glands

slender, elongated mass of yellowish tissue adherent to the ventral surface of the kidneys

Mesonephric ducts, Archinephric ducts, Wolffian ducts, Ureters

the urine is collected from the kidneys by these structures

Urinary bladder

thin-walled, membranous expandable sac, lying ventral to the cloaca

Testes or male gonad

pair of yellowish, ovoid bodies resting upon the ventral surface of the anterior portion of the kidneys

Fat bodies or copus adiposum

yellowish structure with many fingerlike projections serves as food storage

Vasa efferentia or efferent ductules

delicate minute tubules cnducting the sperm cells to the kidney

Ovaries or female gonads

Primary reproductive organ, where ovum or eggs are produced

Visceral peritoneum

layer of epithelium which covers the ovaries

Mesovarium

mesentery of the ovary

Oviducts/Mullerian ducts

slender, coiled ducts located dorsal to the ovaries

Mesorchium

Mesentery of the testis

Ostium

funnel shaped opening into which the ova enter

Embryology

study of embryos and their development

Cleavage

repeated mitotic division

holoblastic

division of entire egg; complete cleavage

First cleavage

2-cell stage, meridional, giving rise to 2 blastomeres

Second cleavage

4-cell stage, meridional, 4 blastomeres

Third cleavage

8-cell stage, latitudinal, 8 cells (upper micromeres and lower macromeres)

Frouth cleavage

16-cell stage, double meridional, 8 micromeres and 8 macromeres

Fifth cleavage

32-cell stage; double horizontal cleavage

Blastula

monodermic (ectoderm) embryo with a cavity called blastocoele

blastulation

process of forming a blastula

Blastomeres

comparatively large cells in blastula, becoming greatly reduced in size but greater in number

Chorion

thin membrane surrounding the blastula

fertilization membrane

The chorion plus the vitelline membrane constitute a:

Micromeres

smaller cells of the animal hemisphere, forming the roof of the blastocoele

Macromeres

larger cells of the vegetative hemisphere, forming the floor of the blastocoele

Gastrula

didermic (ectoderm and endoderm) embryo with a gastrocoel

Gastrocoel

cavity of the gastrula

Epiboly

downward movement of faster-dividing cells of the animal pole over that of the vegetal cells

Ectoderm

outer layer of cells investing the gastrula

Involution

infolding or turning inward of animal pole cells at the point where animal and vegetal cells meet

Archenteron

inner tube lined with mesentodermal cells

Mesoderm

the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm.

Endoderm

represented by the large, yolk-filled cells forming the thick floor of the archenteron

Blastopore

opening of the cavity formed due to the involution of the cells

dorsal lip

well-defined upper margin of the blastopore

ventral lip

less well-defined lower margin of the blastopore

Invagination

in-pushing or inward movement of vegetal cells visible as a mass of protruding cells called the yolk plug

Yolk plug

mass of large yolky cells which blocks the blastopore so that no opening or pore exists

Neurula

developmental stage characterized by the formation of the neural tube

Notochord

rounded mass of mesodermal cells lying in the midline directly beneath the neural plate