ANSC 221 Exam 1 Study Set

Who had the idea for the single plant feeding experiment which stimulated the Golden Age of Nutrition

Dr. Stephen Babcock

Who is called the Father of Nutrition and is credited with recognizing "Life is a chemical process?"

Antoine Lavoisier

List the 6 classes of nutrients

water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals

What property of water makes it so useful for transporting nutrients and as a medium for chemical reactions?

High dielectric constant

What property of water is operating when an animal is cooled by sweating?

High latent heat of vaporization

What are 3 general (Different) sources of water for animals?

drinking water, water in feed, metabolic water

Which nutrient class contains the most energy per gram?

fats

Which nutrient class comprises most of livestock diets (excluding water)?

carbohydrates

Carbohydrates and fats are composed of the same ELEMENTS; what is the difference in elemental composition that partly explains the difference in energy content?

Both are made up of CHO, but fats contain much less oxygen than carbohydrates, which leaves more carbon and hydrogen relatively to oxidize to produce energy

Carbohydrates are composed of what kinds of molecules?

sugars, or monosaccharides

What is the function of carbohydrate in the diet? To supply what?

energy

What is/are the functions of fat in the diet?

store energy, supply essential fatty acids (most important)

Proteins are composed of what kinds of molecules?

amino acids

What are the functions for protein in the diet?

First to supply amino acids to the body, so the cells can produce protein. It supplies energy in excess and provides structure

Distinguish between true protein (protein that is really protein) and crude protein?

True protein is composed of amino acids connected together by peptide bonds in complex molecules, while Crude Protein is our estimate of that, based on nitrogen content

Which of the following is a pentose?

ribose

What are the 2 main concerns about feeding antibiotics?

Antibiotic residues remaining in animal tissues, and microbial resistance to antibiotics

Monosaccharide that cellulose is composed of

glucose

Substance in protein used to distinguish protein from starch and cellulose

nitrogen

Form of starch in plants with a straight-chain structure

amylose

Substance in plants that animals cannot digest without microbial help

cellulose

Table sugar

sucrose

Form of polysaccharide stored in animals

glycogen

Indigestible substance in crude fiber that interferes with digestion of other nutrients

lignin

Monosaccharide that starch is composed of

glucose

milk sugar

lactose

What is the difference between starch and cellulose? Discuss the structure, not only digestibility.

Starch is 2 glucoses with alpha bonds, and cellulose is 2 glucoses with beta bonds, which makes a big difference in digestibility.

Destroyed by thiaminase

thiamin

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active form

Vitamin D

Vitamin that can be interfered with by avidin in raw egg white, which would result in skin lesions

biotin

Vitamin that is part of acetyl-coenzyme A and a deficiency symptom is goose stepping in pigs

pantothenic acid

part of the "flavoproteins" necessary in intermediary metabolism

riboflavin

cyanocobalamine

Vitamin B12

Retinol is an active form

Vitamin A

Interacts with Selenium to act as biological antioxidant

Vitamin E

Prevents xeropthalmia and night blindness

Vitamin A

L-ascorbic acid

vitamin C

Vitamin that acts as a methyl donor (making it unlike other vitamins), and is added to sow's diets to help maximize litter size

Choline

D-alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin E

Vitamin necessary for the blood to clot

Vitamin K

Forms are pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine:

Vitamin B6

Vitamin that prevents perosis in birds and increases litter size in pigs

Choline

deficiency can result in errors of neural tube closure, like spina bifida

Folic acid

Vitamin that prevents rickets

Vitamin D

prevents night blindness

Vitamin A

What vitamin is not required in the diet of any of our farm animals

Vitamin C

Carotene is the precursor

Vitamin A

Deficiency causes pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12

Phyloquinone is the natural form, menadione is a synthetic form

Vitamin K

Helps protect membranes and prevents exudative diathesis, encephalomalacia and other disorders:

Vitamin E

Formed by sunlight on the skin

Vitamin D

Helps carry oxygen to the tissues as part of hemoglobin:

iron

Toxic in raw rock phosphate

Fluorine

Supplemented to young pigs on cement to prevent anemia

Iron

Mineral present in Vitamin B12

cobalt

Prevents parakeratosis

Zinc

Part of the hormone thyroxine, which controls basal metabolic rate

Iodine

Sometimes fed at levels up to 250 ppm to achieve an antibiotic-like growth response in pigs:

copper

The greatest pollution problem in livestock waste if it gets into streams:

phosphorus

Prevents nutritional muscular dystrophy (stiff lamb disease, white muscle disease) and liver degeneration (sudden death in pigs):

selenium

mineral that prevents perosis in chickens

manganese

low level in the blood in milk fever

calcium

cation we get from salt

sodium

Required, but very toxic to sheep, so only use mineral supplements for sheep low in this mineral

copper

prevents grass tetany

magnesium

Oxalic acid added to a test tube would tie up this mineral so the blood would not clot:

Calcium

Sucrose = glucose + what?

fructose

Lactose = glucose + what?

galactose

Maltose = glucose + what?

glucose

List the 10 essential amino acids

Phenylalanine

Valine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine

Leucine

Lysine

Which essential amino acid contains sulfur?

Methionine

What are the first two limiting amino acids in corn for pigs, in order of most limiting to least?

lysine, tryptophan

List the 3 VFA's (volatile fatty acids):

acetic, propionic, butyric

Define triglyceride

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

List the 2 predominant long chain saturated fatty acids in beef fat

palmitic and stearic

List the 3 essential fatty acids

linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

List 4 nutrition deficiencies (besides Vitamin K) that result in anemia as a major symptom, in farm animals:

B6 (pyridoxine), B12, Folic acid, Cu

What happens to the extra protein if we eat more than is required?

the nitrogen is excreted and the rest of the molecule is use for energy

Why would you feed a low calcium diet to help prevent milk fever?

Low Ca ahead of calving will stimulate PTH secretion, which is a slow acting hormone that will increase Ca absorption and release of Ca from bone, raising blood Ca. If you wait until calving, the response time of the hormone is too slow to help. If you feed high Ca ahead of time, it will send the wrong signal, that more Ca isn't needed, and then when it is there isn't time to adapt.

BST improves milk production, but why isn't it effective to feed BST to improve milk production?

BST is a protein and if eaten it would be digested into amino acids. It is approved by FDA for increasing milk production. It must be injected.

What is the most important thing your instructor intends to teach you about feed additives?

Feed additives are regulated and it is important to follow regulations.

Which of the following is a toxic mineral not presently known as essential?

Hg (mercury)

Explain why Dr. Forsyth's research indicates not to over supplement baby pigs with iron. What could result from doing that?

Microbes need iron to grow also, and too much iron can lead to increased microbial growth and increased susceptibility to infection.

Dr. Stephen Babcock proposed an experiment in which cows were fed just corn plant or just wheat plant. 1) What were the results of this experiment and 2) what is the historical importance of this experiment

Corn-fed cows did well, while wheat-fed cows did poorly and failed to reproduce. Historical importance 1) first semi-purified diet used with farm animals of economic importance, so people really took note, and this became a very important tool in nutrition. 2) it led to a flurry or research opening the Golden Age of Nutrition with the discovery of the vitamins and minerals.