BIOLOGY UNIT 5 FLASHCARDS (WIP)

yayyyy!

What is evolution?

The change in genetic and observable characteristics of a whole population over time

What is earth’s history based on?

rocks, fossils, and major events like mass extinctions

what is geological evidence?

analyzing fossils and earth’s layers

what is biological evidence?

evaluating and identifying relationships between species

What are biological species?

members of populations that actually / potentially interbreed in nature and aren’t classified according to appearance

Will humans continue to evolve from this day on?

yes

What are homologous structures?

features found in different organisms that share structural similarities but may have different functions

What are vestigial structures?

remnants of once-important structures that gradually have all or most of their functions over time

What’s embryology?

shared developmental patterns as evidence of common ancestry

What are analogous structures?

structures that preform similar function but are not the similar in origin

What are “Molecular Clocks?”

If two species diverge from a common ancestor, as time passes, and more mutations accumulate in their DNA, the more different the species will be at a molecular level.

What are hox genes?

a biological GPS determining an organism’s body plan

what do hox genes do?

they instruct embroyotic cells on locations

species vary based on ___

habitat

fossils resemble….

living species

populations ___, individuals ____

evolve, do not evolve

what do alles repersent?

genetic variation in the gene pool of a given population

what’s adaptation in the context of evolution?

heritable characteristics that increase chances of survival

what’s natural selection?

specific traits being favored over time

What is the first principle of natural selection?

overpopulation

What is the second principle of natural selection?

genetic variation

What is the third principle of natural selection?

competition

What is the fourth principle of natural selection?

adaptation

What is the fifth principle of natural selection?

population change over time

is evolution random?

yes

what does evolution represent?

the allele frequencies of populations changing over time

what does directional selection mean?

one extreme is favored

what does stabilizing selection mean?

midrange is favored

what does disruptive selection mean?

both extremes are favored

what does this graph repersent?

directional selection

what does this graph repersent?

stabilizing selection

what does this graph represent?

disruptive selection

is natural selection random or non-random?

non-random

is genetic drift random or non-random?

random

what is bottleneck?

an event that drastically reduces the size of a population

what´s the founder effect?

small numbers of individuals become isolated from the original population

what´s gene flow?

movement of alleles in and out of a population

what´s sexual selection?

natural selection for mating success

do sexual selection, bottleneck, founder effect, and gene flow fall under natural selection or genetic drift?

genetic drift

what is speciation?

the evolution of a new species

what is reproductive isolation?

when some individuals are separated from the original reproductive gene pool

what is behavioral isolation?

differences in courting or mating behaviors

what is geographical isolation?

the physical separation of two or more populations

what is temporal isolation?

when timing prevents reproduction between populations.

what is adaptive radiation?

diversification of one ancestral species into many descendant species

what is hybridization?

when two species to fuse into a single population

what is the word for when something triggers a response?

a stimulus

do you need experience for innate behaviors?

no

do you need experience for learned behaviors?

yes

what is artifical selection

the process of changing a species by breeding it for certain traits

what is convergent evolution?

The independent evolution of similar traits or body plans in unrelated species, driven by adaptation to similar environments or ecological niches

what is contingent evolution?

Physical and environmental constraints (like gravity or the properties of water) force evolution toward the same solutions.