WW1

Imperialism

political, military, and economic domination of strong nations over weaker territories

Alfred Mahan

was an American naval officer and historian who urged American leaders to build a stronger navy and to obtain naval bases in Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines. He was also an early proponent of building a canal through Central America to allow U.S. naval vessels to move quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Queen Liluokalani

succeeded her brother King Kalakaua in 1891 as the leader of the Hawaiian people. She was the first and only reigning Hawaiian queen and the last Hawaiian sovereign to govern the islands. Although she tried to regain control of lands owned by white plantation owners, she was overthrown in 1893, and the U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898.

Sanford Dole

played an important role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. After the overthrow, He was elected president of the Provisional Government. He petitioned the American government to annex the Hawaiian Islands. In 1898, Hawaii became a United States territory with He as its first governor.

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership. 

Jingoism

aggressive nationalism; support for warlike foreign policy.

Emilio Aguinaldo

The leader of the Filipino forces that fought for independence against Spain in the 1890s. Disillusioned with the U.S. presence in the Philippines following the war, He helped organize an insurrection against U.S. rule. He was captured by U.S. forces in 1901, effectively ending the Filipino’s fight for independence.

Treaty of Paris (Spanish American War)

An agreement signed by the U.S. and Spain in 1898, which officially ended the Spanish-American war.

Insurrection

rebellion

Guerrilla warfare

nontraditional combat methods

Spheres of influence

a region dominated and controlled by an outside power.

Gentlemen’s Agreement

pact between the United States and Japan to end segregation of Asian children in San Francisco public schools; in return, Japan agreed to limit the emigration of its citizens to the United States.

Foraker Act

law establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico.

Platt Amendment

set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence in 1902, including restrictions on rights of Cubans and granting the U.S. the “right to intervene” to preserve order in Cuba.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Theodore Roosevelt's policy of creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve America's goals.

Panama Canal

human-made waterway linking the Atlantic to the Pacific across the Isthmus of Panama

Roosevelt Corollary

President Theodore Roosevelt's reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere free from intervention by European powers.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of expanding American investments abroad

Moral Diplomacy

statement that the U.S would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote human rights.

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

Mexican Revolutionary and guerilla leader. In 1916 his forces killed 18 Americans in New Mexico, which resulted in U.S General John J. Perishing’s unsuccessful expedition into Mexico with 10,000 troops to capture and punish villa.

Western front

battle front between the allies and central powers in western europe during WW1

Contraband

goods prohibited by law or treaty from being imported or exported.

Lusitania

British passenger liner sunk by a german U-boat during WW1.

Zimmermann note

telegram written by German Foreign Minister proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the U.S during WW1.

Selective service act

Act passed by congress in 1917 authorizing a draft of men for military services

Committee on public information

Federal government agency created during WW1 to encourage Americans to support the war.

Conscientious objectors

Person whose moral or religious beliefs forbid him or her to fight in wars.

Espionage act

Act passed by congress in 1917 enacting severe penalties for anyone engaged in disloyal or treasonable activities.

Great migration

Movement of African Americans in the 20th century from the south to the north. 

John J. Pershing

commanded the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in Europe during WW1. Earlier, he served in the Philippines and in Mexico. After WW1, he served as chief of staff in the U.S Army.

American Expeditionary Force

American forces in Europe during WW1

Fourteen Points

list of terms for resolving WW1 and future wars outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson.

Self-Determination

the right of the people to choose their own form of government

League of Nations

world organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

Reparations

payment for war damages

Irreconcilables

Isolationist senators who oppose any treaty ending WW1 that had a league of nations folded into it.

U.S. Imperialism

extorting a nation’s authority over other countries economically, politically or militarily.

What were some reasons for U.S. Imperialism?

Spread democracy with the rest of the world, The U.S. was meant tot be a powerful empire, Raw materials and markets (expanding trade)

Who bought Alaska from Russia in 1867? 

the U.S. in the behest of William Seward (congressman) for 2 cents an acre.

American Missionaries went here and their descendants became sugar plantation owners. 

Hawaii

Who was brought in for cheap labor and eventually became the majority in Hawaii?

Japanese workers

Who forced King Kalakaua to give them exclusive voting rights?

Wealthy Plantation Owners

Who do the Wealthy Plantation Owners plan to overthrow? Why? 

Queen Lil, She planned to return voting rights to the islanders. 

Who was the annexation of Hawaii Led by?

Sanford Dole in 1898

Who wanted to be annexed by the U.S.?

Sugar plantation owners who did not want to pay tarrifs.

Who wanted to stay seperate?

Native Hawaiians

What did Roosevelt do in the Panama Revolution?

He sent the Navy to Panama Harbor as a threat to Columbia.

How long was the Spanish American War?

about 10 weeks

Yellow Journalism

Journalists who sensationalized stories to get readers

Which countries were gained in the Spanish-American War?

Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines

What did the Spanish American War accomplish?

Made American into world power

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipinos who sought Independence and he rebelled against U.S. occupation. 

Who won the rebellion? 

U.S

How long did the Rebellion take?

3 Years

How much did the Rebellion cost?

$400 million

How many people died in the Spanish-American rebellion?

over 24,000

Militarism

The build up of arms and weapons

Alliances 

treaties between various countries caused a domino effect when one of them went to war.

Imperialism

countries that wanted more territory saw war as means to expand their empire. 

Nationalism

people in countries develop rivalries with other countries because they believe their country is better.

What directly caused the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

World War 1

What type of war did Germany fight?

a two-front war

Western Front

_______ was mostly a war of attraction

Isolationist

most Americans wanted to stay neutral

True or False:  Many Americans liked the Germans 

False 

What held us back from being involved in the war?

Money, lives, imperialist squabble

What Caused the US to get involved?

German U-boats sinking the Lusitania and U.S.merchant ships

Woodrow Wilson

eventually chnaged h

John J Pershing

Spent over 3 months training and drafting (selective service act) an army (over 3 million) Kept AEF separate from allied forces

Alvin York

Tennessean 

On October 8th, 1918 armed with a rifle and a revolver, York killed 25 Germans and —with 6 other doughboys— captured 132 prisoners.

Herbert Hoover

declared one day a week, “meatless, another “sweetness”, two days “heatless” and two other days “porkless”

George Creel

- Head of the committee for public information (propaganda)

- Convoy System: Surrounded our merchant ships with destroyers and cruisers (cut losses to U-boats in half)

What happened in the second battle of Marne? 

• Allies stop the German advance (40 Miles) and begin offensive Germans ask for armistice on Nov 11th 1918 after widespread mutinies and loss of confidence in gov. 

What was the treaty of Versailles?

Peace agreement between the former Allies and Germany. 

What did the Treaty of Versailles accomplish?

Split up Austria-Hungary and Germany into multiple countries. Created the League of Nations to prevent future wars. (Germany not allowed to join)

Who did the U.S. blame for the war?

German

What was the German Punishment?

Has to demilitarize the Rhineland, high war payments, not allowed to have a navy or airforce

Who proposed the 14 points?

Woodrow Wilson

The leauge of nations was mostly denied by 

France and Great Britain

Did congress ever ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

No

Why did congress not ratify the Treaty?

Worried it would threaten the US sovereignty because of the league of nations. 

Sovereignty

the authority of a state to govern itself

Did the U.S. join the League of Nations?

No

How many people died in battle?

8.5 Million soldiers and 12million civilians

How much did the war cost?

$332 Billion (4.4 Trillion today)

Depression Cycle 

Depression Cycle (recession): countries like Germany had to borrow money to run their countries. They borrowed this money to pay back reparations to the countries they owed money.

Carrie Chapman Catt

headed up NAWSA and used the “Winning Plan” to slowly gain voting rights in states and continued pressure for national legislation

Alice Paul

an aggressive leader in suffrage movement who encouraged hunger strikes.

When was the 19th amendment passed 

1919

When was the 19th Amendment Ratified?

Ratified in 1920 when TN became the perfect 36th

How many states are required to ratify an amendment?

3/4 of states are required to ratify an Amendment

Harlem Hell Fighters

the most decorated unit in WW1 (African American)

1918 Spanish Flu

spread by the flow of millions of troops around the world (killed over 40 million, more than WW1 and WW2 military deaths combined)

After the war…

U.S. returns to isolation.