Western Imperialism

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture. At the height of its power the dynasty was pretty much the center of global trade, they hoarded their silver which led to an imbalance in trade.

Manchu

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, (last of China's imperial dynasties)

Emperor Qianlong

emperor who refused to open more trading ports to Europe. write the British a letter in response to McCartney mission, made inspection tours of the Qing Dynasty, leaving behind beautiful scrolls mapping out his journey

Canton System

a system to control forign trade which confined all trading to the port of Canton

Cohong

Chinese merchant guild that traded with Europeans under the Qing dynasty. (monopolized trade)

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in 1793. (sent over Lord macartney) (Wanted to stop Canton system and establish a British embassy in Beijing)

Qianlong's Mandate

Emperor Qianlong's response to the Macartney mission where he dismisses King Georges' requests

1st Opium War

1839-1842 BEIC got involved in the production of opium and tried to get Chinese people addicted to the drug to reset the trade imbalance. Other countries get involved and the Qing dynasty's productivity goes down and silver goes out from China. China then tried to burn down British opium buildings and then Britain sent in their Royal Navy and easily defeated the Chinese (fait acompli) Begins century of humiliation

Lin Zexu

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; first pleaded w/Queen Victoria, then arrested 1700 Chinese opium dealers and destroyed 70,000 opium pipes. tried to trade opium for tea, ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton (blocking British people inside the foreign quarter) and confiscation of opium; (Gave British reason to start war)

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended 1st Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system, this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these was Hong Kong. China also had to pay indemnity of 21 mil silver, and grant British the right of extraterritoriality and most favored nation status.

Indemnity

payment for losses in war

Extraterritoriality

British citizens accused of crimes had the right to be tried in British courts rather than Chinese courts (Right given in another unequal treaty)

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. They first negotiated w/Jahangir to establish trade posts. Then established the diwani of Bengal, and stared to control internal markets and trade. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Bengal

The British collected tax revenue in Bengal with the diwani of Bengal. (BEIC had a large presence at Bengal) They also grew their opium here.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Hong Kong

A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997

2nd Opium War

China refused to renegotiate treaty of Nanjing, (The British wanted opium to be legalized, merchants allowed anywhere, etc.) Then Chinese officials detained an expired British ship w/opium, lowered the British flag and didn't apologize, leading to 2nd Opium War. Britain, America, France, Russia, teamed up and easily beat China, leading to treaty of Tianjin

Treaty of Tianjin

established in 1858. It opened opium trade and legalized it and made more ports open to Britain., western powers are also allowed to establish embassies in Beijing. After the treaty was registered by the Chinese, the British took Beijing in 1860.

Unequal Treaties

trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits, China was forced to sign many of these

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan, anti-Qing, form of Christianity

Hong Xiuquan

Chinese religious leader who sparked the Taiping Rebellion and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth, people liked his utopian philosophy because it was anti-Qing/Manchu.

Empress Dowager Cixi

The true power behid a lot of young emperors -Empress of China. Oversaw the Tongzhi Restoration which reformed traditional order. She put the Guangxu Emperor under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. Invested in the summer palace instead of the military, modernization, etc.

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

Sino Japanese War

a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory, Japanese easily defeat Chinese after Meiji Restoration (humiliating for Chinese), end in them signing ANOTHER treaty

Treaty of Shimonseki

Japan gained possession of Taiwan, Liaotung Peninsula, Pescadores Islands, Korea stops being tributary and got 200M worth of silver, and most favored nation status equal to the British

100 Day's Reform

Emperor Guangxu takes control for a little over 100 days and made a lot of reforms (40), worked with Kang Youwei (Confucian scholar), Empress dowager Cixi took him out of power before any good could come of the reforms. After the movement is crushed its leaders flee.

Emperor Guangxu

Emperor of China who is influenced by philosophers of the 100 day reform (Westernization movement) and issued 40 edicts which: stop the civil service exam, make western schools, modernize the military, and make them a capitalist economy. These movements threaten traditional elites who support Cixi, and have a coup carried out by the military who place him under houses arrest where who died "mysteriously".

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". Focused on martial arts and attacked Christian missionaries. The rebellion was ended by British troops after empress dowager cixi supported them.

8 Army Alliance

Multinational military coalition, seeking to defeat Boxer Rebellion and gain power in China (lot of European countries)

Boxer Protocol/Indemnity

unequal treaty which ends Boxer rebellion; 450,000,000 gold indemnity, part of capital banned for Chinese; many Boxers executed; anti-foreign societies abolished; foreign powers are allowed to station military troops, Confucian exams banned,

Puyi

Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912, becomes a puppet emperor, and gets captured by the Soviet Union, then becomes a street sweeper and propaganda for the Chinese Communist Party as an example of rehabilitation

Maratha Confederacy

(1674 - 1818 CE) A political alliance that challenged the rule of Mughals in the early 18th century, (empire in south Asia during fragmentation of Mughal dynasty, advocated for hindu self-rule, located in the Deccan Plateu,

Battle of Plassey

1757 Battle that established British control over India, led by Sir Robert Clive

Sir Robert Clive

British officer credited as the person behind the establishment of British rule in India. After the Treaty of Allahabad he was appointed the first British gov. in India.

Diwani

the right to collect taxes

Treaty of Allahabad

Treaty allowing BEIC to collect taxes in Bengal. (Signed between Mughal Emperor Shah Allam II and Robert Clive after the Battle of Plassey, and marked the beginning of company rule).

'colony of exploitation'

What the British though of India as: a colony that is valued solely due to the potential profits to be made; ex: from internal markets, international trade, and taxes

Sati

the traditional practice of burning a widow on her husband's funeral pyre; outlawed in 1829 by Lord Bentinck, though it still occurs rarely

Oudh

Rich and historic part of India that saw the passage of the Doctrine of Lapse as a final outrage of British conquest; the seizure of this area under said doctrine was in many ways "the final straw" that led to the mutiny in 1857

Doctrine of Lapse

Introduced by Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856). If princely ruler dies without direct heir, land is forfeit to EIC. (Oudh)

Sepoys

Indian troops who served in the British army

Company Rule

British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs (cartridges)

1858 Gov't of India Act

a law passed by the British Parliament to transfer power over India from the East India Company to the British Crown (Start of British Raj)

British Raj

When the crown took control of India rather than the BEIC

What are the 4 main reasons for the fall of the Mughal Dynasty?

Intolerance: (Hindus and Sikhs, etc. rebel)

mughal fall

Economic Issues: (Under Aurangzeb economics decline, taxes are raised and later the military, agriculture, and new technologies aren't invested in, sensing danger some Emperors discourage economic progress, afraid of rebellion)

mughal fall

Loss of Territory: (Outsiders took this opportunity to take control of part of the subcontinent, The Maratha Confederacy also took land)

mughal fall

Foreign Incursion: (1st the Portuguese via Vasco de Gama, then the British w/the BEIC)

What is a "civilizing mission" and how did the BEIC use this idea to justify their rule?

BEIC justified their rule by looking down on Indian culture and justified colonialism by saying they were "civilizing" Indian people.

How did the Ming Dynasty fall?

Overspending, natural disasters, but mainly the Manchus

autarky

economic independence or self-sufficiency

most favored nation status

A clause in a commercial treaty (Treaty of Nanjing) where any other treaties signed with the Chinese that have privileges for the other countries, means the British get those privileges

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, where Japan opened up to westernization and had political reform, modernization of their military, and an improvement in industrial production. This ends/succeeds when Japan defeats Russia where pretty much announced itself as a world power.

Spheres of Influence in China

countries would have special authority or presence in different areas of China. China became divided by European powers. Russia - Manchuria, France - Guangxi, Britain - Yangzi/Hong Kong, etc.