Science in Agriculture 2023

Define xylem

Vascular tubes that carry water from the roots UP to other parts of the plant

Define phloem

Vascular tubes that carry sugar from photosynthesis and other nutrients UP & DOWN the plant

Name number 1

petals

name number 2

ovary

name number 3

stigma

name number 4

pistil/carpel

name number 5

anther

name number 6

filament

name number 7

stamen

name number 8

pedicel

name number 9

receptacle

name number 10

sepal

What is the female reproductive part of a flower?

carpel

What is the male reproductive part of a flower?

stamen

What is the purpose of petals?

to attract pollinators

What is the purpose of the anthers?

to create pollen

What is the purpose of the stigma?

collect pollen

What is the purpose of the style?

connect stigma to ovary

What is the purpose of the ovary?

contains ovules

What is the purpose of the receptacle?

connect the stalk to the flower and to support the flower

What is the purpose of the filament

supports the anther

What is the purpose of the ovule?

houses the egg cells and receives pollen from another angiosperm

What are roots?

organs that anchor vascular plants, assisting in absorption of water and minerals

What is a stem?

supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them

What is a branch?

structural support for the leaves, fruits and flowers that the tree produces, carries water and food

What is a leaf?

a plant organ adapted specifically for photosynthesis

what is a flower?

The reproductive structure of an angiosperm

What is a fruit?

a mature ovary that spreads seeds

How does a plant spread its seeds?

wind, water, animals, explosion and fire

How can you tell monocots and dicots apart according to the petals?

monocots have petals in multiples of threes, dicots in multiples of fours or fives

How can you tell monocots and dicots apart according to the cotyledons?

Monocots have one, dicots have two

How can you tell monocots and dicots apart according to the roots?

monocots have fibrous (adventitious) roots, dicots have a main tap root with lateral branches

How can you tell monocots and dicots apart according to the leaves?

Monocots have parallel leaf veins, dicots have net like veins

How can you tell monocots and dicots apart according to the stems?

Monocots have vascular bundles scattered across the stem, dicots have vascular bundles around the outside

Are organisms in the Kingdom Plantae eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic do not have their DNA contained in a nucleus or any organelles bound in membrane

Are organisms in Kingdom Plantae autotrophic or heterotrophic

autotrophic

How do plants make their own food?

photosynthesis

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

how is the kingdom of Fungi and Monera different to the kingdom of Plantae?

they can be single celled, while plants cannot

Give examples of harmful microorganisms

Bacteria causing diseases

Give examples of beneficial microorganisms

yeast, good microflora (e.g. in your gut, aiding with digestion), antibiotics,

Define parasitism

an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.

Define symbiosis

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

Give an example of a symbiotic relationship

bee (receives nectar to make honey) and flower (gets pollinated), clownfish (protection against predators) and anemone (receives excreted nutrients)

Give an example of a parasitic relationship

mosquito (gains blood) and human (skin irritation and could potentially receive a disease), disease and host

What is a food chain?

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

What is a food web?

The feeding relationships between all organisms in an ecosystem

What are the three trophic levels?

producers, consumers, decomposers

What is an apex predator?

Predator at the top of the food chain and is not preyed upon by another consumer

what happens to apex predators?

After they die they are decomposed by decomposers

Is this a food web or food chain?

food web

Name the producer in this web

grass

Name the apex predators in this web

hawk, owl, fox

Name all of the primary consumers in this web

mouse, grasshopper, rabbit

Name all of the secondary consumers in this web

fox, owl, bird

What would happen if the grasshopper population decreased?

The frog and bird populations would decrease as well. Grass populations would thrive

What would happen if the hawk population decreased?

Snake and rabbit population (especially snake) would thrive

What are producers?

Organisms that make their own food

What is another name for producers?

autotroph

What are the two types of autotroph?

photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

What are phototrophs?

Organisms that use energy from sunlight to make food by photosynthesis

What are chemoautotrophs?

organisms that use energy from chemical compounds to make food by chemosynthesis

Define photosynthesis

the process by which energy from the sun is harnessed by chloroplasts to make food from carbon dioxide and water

Write the photosynthesis chemical equation.

6CO2 + 6H2O \------\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Define chemosynthesis

the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight.

What are consumers?

Organisms that get their energy by consuming other living organisms.

What is another name for consumers?

heterotrophs

What are the three types of heterotrophs?

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

What are herbivores?

animals that eat plants

What are carnivores?

animals that eat other animals

What are omnivores?

organisms that eat both plants and animals

What are decomposers?

Organisms that break down the remains and other wastes and release simple inorganic molecules back to the environment

What are the three types of decomposers?

scavengers, detritivores, saprotrophs

What are scavengers?

Organisms that consume the soft tissues of dead animals.

What are detritivores?

organisms that consume detritus - the dead leaves, animal faeces, and other organic debris that collects on the soil or at the bottom of a body of water.

What are saprotrophs?

organisms that feed on any remaining organic matter that is left after other decomposers do their work.

what is the difference between food webs and chains?

A food chain outlines who eats whom. A food web is all of the food chains in an ecosystem

What is the source of energy for all life?

sun

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

What part of a plant allows for gaseous exchange?

Stomata

Define stomata

A pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. When stomata are open, CO2, enters a leaf, and water and O2 exit. A plant conserves water when its stomata are closed

Define guard cells

One of a pair of epidermal cells that adjust their shape to form a stomatal pore for gas exchange.