September 24, 1869, Jim Fisk and Jay Gould bid the price of gold skyward, honest business people were driven to the wall, The Treasury was compelled to release gold.
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Plessy vs Ferguson (1869)
Supreme Court validated the South's strictly segregationist social order. It ruled that separate but equal facilities were constitutional under equal protection clause in 14th Amendment.
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Thomas Nast
A cartoonist from Harpers Weekly. Nast attacked Boss Tweed in a series of cartoons. Nast depicted the corrupt Tweed as a powerful giant, towering over puny law forces.
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Horace Greeley
nominated by the Democrats for the presidency. Ran against Grant in 1872. Was dogmatic, emotional, petulant, and unsound in his political judgments. Lost the election, his wife, his job, his mind, and his life.
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5
Greenbacks
paper currency that many wanted issued because it made it easier to pay off debts.
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James A. Garfield
won presidency in 1880, was an able and generous man, but one weakness was that he felt guilty when saying no. He was assassinated at a railroad station. He stayed in agony for eleven weeks before he died.
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Gilded Age
a sarcastic name given to the post-Civil War era by Mark Twain in 1873. The political seesaw was delicately balanced throughout most of the Gilded Age.
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Chester A. Arthur
was Vice-President, took over when Garfield was assassinated. He had no apparent qualifications for presidency, was a wealthy, handsome widower.
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GAR
Grand Army of the Republic; a politically potent fraternal organization of several hundred thousand Union veterans.
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10
Spoils System
reformers say it was a nemesis of efficient public administration and the nutrient of company corruption.
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Roscoe Conkling
he led a Stalwart faction within the Republican Party. He was a handsome and an imperious senator from New York.
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Pendleton Act of 1833
so-called Magna Carta of civil-service reform. Prohibited financial assessments on job holders established a merit system of making appointments to office, set up Civil Service Commission.
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James G. Blaine
Leader of the Half-Breeds, a politician's politician. He was rewarded secretary of state from President Garfield.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
was obscure enough to be dubbed the Great Unknown. Officer in the Civil War, he appealed to veterans. Served three terms as governor of Ohio.
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Grover Cleveland
first Democrat to take presidential office in 1885. First favored the cause of reformers, but he eventually caved into the carping of Democratic bosses.
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Benjamin Harrison
nominated by the Republicans in the election of 1888, against Cleveland. His grandfather was former President William Henry Harrison. He beat Cleveland.
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Interstate Commerce Act
It prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly.
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Andrew Carnegie
kingpin among steel masters, was an undersized, charming Scotsman. Entered the steel business in the Pittsburgh area. By 1900, was producing one-forth of the nations Bessemer steel.
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Union Pacific Railroad
Commissioned by Congress to thrust westward from Omaha, Nebraska. Company was given land and federal lands for each mile of track constructed.
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John D. Rockefeller
dominated the oil industry, organized the Standard Oil Company; flourished in an era of free enterprise.
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J. Pierpont Morgan
A genius banker who devised a way to circumvent competition. He made his reputation for himself and his Wall Street banking house, by financing the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks.
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Central Pacific Railroad
Undertook the rail laying in California, it pushed boldly eastward from boom-town Sacramento, over and through the towering, snow clogged Sierra Nevada.
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Trust
a device for controlling bothersome rivals that were perfected by Rockefeller.
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Leland Stanford
he was one of the Big Four (the big four were the chief financial bankers of the enterprise in the Central Pacific Railroad, he was also the ex-governor of California who had useful political connections.
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Standard Oil Company
was a board of directors that stockholders in various smaller oil companies assigned their stock to.
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Collis P. Huntington
also one of the Big Four (the chief financial bankers of the enterprise), he was an adept lobbyist.
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United States Steel Corporation
Launched by Morgan who rapidly moved to expand his new industrial empire. He took the Carnegie holdings and added others.
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Northern Pacific Railroad
it stretched from Lake Superior to Puget Sound, and reached its terminus in 1883.
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Gospel of Wealth
was the candidly credited heavenly help, and the body of ideas with which social position was justified.
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Southern Pacific
from New Orleans to San Francisco and was consolidated the same year as the Northern Pacific Railroad.
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Charles Darwin
came up with the theory of the survival-of-the-fittest, used in defense of the wide-open capitalism.
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinction between good trusts and bad trusts.
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Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt
he made a fortune of $100 million by offering superior railway service at lower rates.
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Pullman Palace Cars
Main railroad cars of the time. Pullman Company controlled eighty percent of the railroad industry.
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Grange
an Agrarian group that pressured the legislature to make an attempt regulate the railroad monopoly. Mark Twain: called the post-Civil War era the Gilded Age, during this time the political seesaw was delicately balanced.
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Interstate Commerce Act of 1877
prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one.
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William Randolph Hearst
he was a journalistic tycoon who had been expelled from Harvard College for a crude prank. He built a powerful chain of newspapers, beginning with the San Francisco Examiner.
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Henry George
he was another journalist-author who took up writing after seeing poverty at its worst in India, and land- grabbing at its greediest in California.
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Social Gospel
it insisted that the churches tackle the burning social issues of the day.
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Settlement House
offered instruction in English, counseling to help new comers cope with American big-city life, child- care service for working mothers, and cultural activities of all kinds for neighborhood residents.
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Booker T. Washington
The foremost champion of black education; Led the black industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama.
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18th Amendment
1919, the national prohibition amendment.
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George Washington Carver
An internationally famous agricultural chemist who helped the southern economy by discovering hundreds of new uses for the lowly peanut, sweet potato, and soybean.
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Dr. W.E.B Du Bois
He earned a Ph.D. at Harvard, the first of his race to achieve this goal. He demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
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Yellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer used colored comic supplements, featuring the Yellow Kid, giving the name yellow journalism to his lurid sheets.
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