Comprehensive Guide to Racial Prejudice, Discrimination, and Social Psychology

What percentage of white Americans said there was a lot of discrimination against African Americans?

16%

What percentage of white Americans said there was some discrimination against African Americans?

41%

What percentage of black people said there was a lot of discrimination?

46%

What percentage of black people said there was some discrimination?

41%

Who is more likely to have implicit attitudes about racism?

Younger people

What is old prejudice characterized by?

Low acceptance of group equality and endorsement of traditional racist beliefs.

What is new prejudice characterized by?

Greater acceptance of equal opportunities but not equitable outcomes.

What is aversive prejudice?

Attempts to deny existence of or avoid interaction with Black people while believing in the abstract of equality.

What are behavioral displays of aversive prejudice?

Avoidance of intergroup contact, creating a false persona, ingroup positive bias.

What is ambivalent prejudice?

Endorsing racial equality while also having negative views or interactions with Black people.

What does Michelle Alexander argue in relation to the New Jim Crow?

Incarceration of Black men creates disparities similar to Jim Crow laws.

Is old prejudice completely dead?

No, 10% of white people support school segregation and laws against interracial marriage.

What percentage of people object to a family member marrying a Black person?

22%

What percentage of Americans endorse far-right ideologies?

6%

What discrepancy exists between Millennials' explicit and implicit racial attitudes?

Millennials claim to be post-racial explicitly but behave differently towards white vs. POC names.

What is one similarity between aversive and ambivalent prejudice?

Both involve complex attitudes towards racial equality.

What is benevolent prejudice?

Stereotypes that appear positive but reinforce inequality.

How do Asian Americans illustrate benevolent prejudice?

They are seen as smart and hardworking, which enforces stereotypes and restricts individual differences.

What are the ethnocentric stages in Bennett's model of cultural sensitivity?

Denial, Defense, Minimization.

What are the ethnorelative stages in Bennett's model of cultural sensitivity?

Acceptance, Adaptation, Integration.

What do Zimbardo and Milgram focus on in their studies?

The power of the situation and social roles.

What are personal factors in prejudice formation?

Individualism vs egalitarianism, family values, attribution-value model, terror management theory, religion.

What is Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)?

Respect for authority figures and a top-down in/out group dynamic.

What is Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)?

The belief that people get what they deserve, supporting social inequalities.

What drives RWA and SDO?

Perceived fear of limited resources and endorsing outgroup stereotypes.

What is the attribution-value model?

The belief that the problem lies with the person, not the situation.

What is terror management theory?

The instinct for self-preservation leads to prejudices against outgroups.

What is the value-difference hypothesis?

Believing outgroup values are different from one's own group.

What is individualism in the context of prejudice?

A conservative view that blames individuals for their success or failure.

What is egalitarianism in the context of prejudice?

A liberal view that emphasizes prevention and systemic factors.

What is the difference between proscribed and permitted prejudice?

Proscribed prejudice is prohibited and involves preached tolerance for some groups but not others, while permitted prejudice refers to prejudices that are allowed.

What does self-stereotyping mean?

Self-stereotyping is when people replace personal views of self with positive ingroup bias, leading to a desire to be part of a valued group.

What is false consciousness?

False consciousness is the belief that one's ingroup (if dominant) benefits one's social interests, even if it does not.

What is the role of threat to the group in social identity theory?

Events that threaten the well-being of the group generate increased identification with the group.

What is self-categorization?

Self-categorization is the likelihood of categorizing oneself as a group member, which increases with perceived differences between ingroup and outgroup.

What are the two types of threat in social contexts?

Realistic threat involves perceived limited resources, while symbolic threat involves perceptions of outgroups having different values and goals.

What did the Robber's Cave experiment demonstrate about intergroup conflict?

The experiment showed that intergroup conflict emerges easily when groups compete for limited resources, but can be reduced through cooperation toward superordinate goals.

What are microaggressions?

Microaggressions are everyday verbal or nonverbal insults, slights, or snubs directed towards members of marginalized groups.

What is cultural appropriation?

Cultural appropriation is the inappropriate or unacknowledged use of cultural customs by a dominant culture, involving unequal group status.

What factors can disrupt the prejudice-discrimination relationship?

Norms surrounding behavior, level of ethical permissibility, and cognitive busyness can disrupt this relationship.

What is the difference between internal and external motivators of prejudice reduction?

Internal motivators are based on personal belief systems and are more authentic, while external motivators involve social pressure and are less effective.

What did employment audit studies find regarding racial discrimination?

White individuals are more likely to receive positive responses than Latino or Black individuals, and those with a criminal record are treated similarly regardless of race.

What is the significance of anonymity in group norms?

Anonymity can influence the severity of offenses and the creation of group norms.

What are the trends in hate crimes?

Hate crimes have been rising over time, with race and ethnicity being the largest group of incidents.

What effects do hate crimes have on victims?

Victims may experience nervousness, anxiety, depression, intrusive thoughts, and difficulty coping with the effects of victimization.

What percentage of hate crimes are unreported?

56% of hate crimes are unreported.

How might individualistic values contribute to modern prejudice?

Holding more individualistic rather than egalitarian values may lead to higher levels of ambivalent modern prejudice.

Is the statement 'Old prejudice is completely dead' accurate?

False.

Is the positive correlation between explicit and implicit prejudice higher in younger or older white cohort groups?

Higher in younger white cohort groups.