Chapter 22 Bio 244

respiratory system function

supply blood with o2 dispose co2

what four things must happen in respiratory system

pulmonary ventilation , external respiration transport of respiratory gases and internal respiration

what system does pulmonary ventilation and external respiration use\>

respiratory

what do internal respiration and transport of gases use?\`

circulatory

what is pulmonary ventilation broadly

air ismoved into and out of lungs gases are continously changing and being refreshed

what is external respiration broadly

o2 difuses from lungs to blood, co2 diffuses from blood to lungs

what kind of respiration is only in lungs?

external

in external respiration o2 diffuses from what to what?

lungs to capilaries (blood)

in external respiration co2 diffuses from what to what?

blood(capilaries) to lungs

what is transport of respiratory gases?

os is going from lungs to tissue cells and co2 is going from tissue cells to the lungs

internal respiration occurs where?

in lungs but also everywhere else

in internal respiration o2 is difusing from what to what

blood (capillaries) to the tissue cells

in internal respiration co2 is going from what to wht

tissue cells to (capillaries) blood

what are the two zones

respiratory and conducting

what is the function of the respiratory zone?

its the actual site for gas exchange

order of respiratory zone? start and finish?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs , alveoii

what is alveoli

thing walls of air sacs that a small cavity

respiratory bronchioles

start off respiratory zone and contain aveoli

respiratory bronchioles lead into

alveolar ducts

alveolar ducts is made of

rings of smooth muscle cells, connective tissue fibers, alveoli

alveolar sacs are

terminal clusters of aveoli

conducting zone function

provide open airway for air to reach gas exchange , cleanse humidity and warm

function of nose and zone

provides airway and for respiration moistens air and cleans

conducting zone

nasal cavity function and zone

internal protection and conduction

paranasal sinus function and zone

conducting and lighten load of skull mucous membrane trap from body warm moisturize and humidify

pharynx zone and function

throat , conductin contains nasopharyn oropharynx and laryngopharyx

nasopharynx

passageway for air equalize pressure prevents food up nasal cavity

oropharynx

passageway for food and air

laryngopharynx

behind larynx passageway for food and air

larynx function

production of speech sounds , and keeps food and air seperate

parts of larynx

cricothyroid cartilage , cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage vocal folds and vestibular folds

epiglottis closed meand

food can go through to esophagus

epiglottis open

food cant go ans air can go through

what is the function of the epiglottis

covers the tube with a flap to keep food in esophagus and helps with speech and it lowers when we swallow to keep non air out

true vocal fold

vibrate by air moving which produce souund

false vestibular folds

help close glottis when we swallow and add a barrier so food and liquid dont get in

trachea is the what in continuation

larynx

cartilage of trachae

hyaline are cdisks and pseudostratified columnar are linings

trachial cartilages

15-20 c shaped discs that contain the trachealis muscle

what is the trachealis muscle

its on the posterior emd of trachial cartilages and makes swallowing easier

trachea branches into

branches

branches are now in what cavity

mediastinum

first branches

right and left primary bronchus

first branch in the lobes

secondary brinchus

once in the lungs the branches divides into what

lobar

what branch is in lobar

secondary bronchus

which lobe in the left side of lung is secondary brinchus in

superior

which lobe is right side of secondary bronchus in

superior and middle

how many lobes in left lung

2

how many lobes in right lung

3

once in lobar divides into

segmental

what bronchus is in segmental

tertiary

tertiary branches off into the smallest passageway of

bronchioles

bronchioles branch off into

the terminal bronchiole (conducting)\`

after the terminale brinchiole you start the

respiratory zone

pulmonary capilaries are

o2 is poor from heart so pick up o2 from the alveoli

which one has cartilage ? bronchiole or bronchi

bronchi

which one has smooth muscle bronchi? or bronchiole?

brronchioles so adjust diameter

walls of alveolar are made of what two cells?

type one and type 2

type one alveolar cells are made of

simple layer of squamous epithelial cells

type two alveolar screte

surfactant

what does secreting surfactant mean

it prevents collaps of lungs bc it reduces surface tension and it is secreted into the walls so walls never touch and the alveoli remain open

order of respiratory membrane

alveolar wall, alveolar basement membrane, capillary basement membrane capillary wall

alveolar wall contains

pulmonary capillaries

there are what in respiratory membranes that phagocytize

macrophages

function of respiratory membrane

thick blood air barrier that has blood flowing, and a gas exchange occuring by simple diffusion across it, o2 passes from alveolous to blood, co2 leaves blood to enter alveolus

lungs are in what cavity

plueral

cardiac notch

space between left lung and left heart contracting and relaxing

outter most layer serous membrane of lung

parietal pluera

in between the two serous membranes

plueral cavity

inner layer touching the actual lung

visceral pleura

hilium

main bronchi nerve fibers blood vessels enter and exit the lungs

without this layer the lung would collasp

visceral and parietal pluera not being able to part, they slide past each other

why cant the visceral and parietal pluera cavity come apart

bc of high surface tension of plueral cavity, sticks to thoracic wall

atomospheric pressure

pressure exterted by air surrounding body

normal atmospheric pressure

760 mmhg

negative respiratory pressure

pressure in that region is lower than the atomospheric pressure

positive respiratory pressure

pressure in that respiratory region is higher than atmospheric pressure

0 respiratory pressure

pressure is equal

intrapulmonary

pressure in alveoli rises and falls but at somepoint eventually back equal to atmospheric

intrapulmonary is usually at\>?

0

interpleural

pressure in plueral cavity between parietal and visceral pluera

the interpleural is usaully what than intrapulmonary

4mmhg less

so interpleural is usually at

-4

transpulmonary

is difference between intrapulmonary and interpleural , keeps lungs from collasping and determines size

transpulmonary is usually at

4

pulmonary ventilation states that

if volume changes pressure changes equals the flow of gasses to equalize pressure

boyles law says if you increase

volume molecules speed, that decreases pressure

boyles law says if you decrease

volume molecules spread, pressure increases

muscles are active in

inspiration quiet and forced expiration

in quiet inspiration.. the inspiratory muscles

contract

in quiet inspiration.. the diaphragm

contratcs and descends

in quiet inspiration.. the thoracic cavity?

increases

in quiet inspiration.. external intracostal muscles

increase hight diameter volume ascend

in quiet inspiration.. as throacic demensions increase intrapulmonary pressure

decreases

in quiet inspiration air

goes into lungs

if pulmonary pressure is less than atomospheric pressure air

rushes into the lungs

in quiet inspiration.. when intrapulmonary pressure drops to -1 , it ends when

pulm pressure and atomspheric pressure equal 0

expiration is passive or active

passive quietly