Kine 1020 Midterm

Health has been here since…

The dawn of the human race

Who is this? First doctor to prescribe daily excersise as medicine for his patients, “it should be taken everyday but taken only to half extent”

Susruta 600 BCE of India, what did he do?

Who said this? “If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exersise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health”

Hippocrates 460-370 BCE of Greece

Who is this? “The exercise of walking is said to produce better health, or does the posession of better health produce the ability to walk? If walking does not produce better health, then walking would be in vain”

Aristotle 350 BC (Father of Kinesiology)

Who said this? “Those who think they have no time for bodily exercise will sooner or later have to find time for illness”

Edward Stanley 1873

People who exercise regularly lead what lives?

Cleaner lives and have less chronic disease

Physical fitness is…

Body composition, musculoskeletal fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, and flexibility

Who discovered this muscle contraction occurs because of electricity

Luigi Galvani 1737 (Italian Physician)

Carl Ludwig 1847 (German Physician and Physiologist) discovered…

Measures blood pressure

Augustus De’sire Waller (British Physiologist) discovered what…

Records EKG or electircal activity of the heart

Archibald V. Hill 1920 (British Physiologist) discovered what…

VO2 max and describes the maximum amount of oxygen your body can supply

Andrew F. Huxley 1957(British physiologist) discovered what…

Muscle types either skeletal, cardiac, or smooth cross over each other when contracted

The ability to perform muscular work satisfactorily. It is determined by the level of several attributes which are influenced by activity such as cardiovascular-respiratory endurance, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition is the definition of what?

Physical fitness

Cardiovascular health (VO2 max test) determines what?

When you are approximately going to die

Western medicine does not…

prevents any illnesses just treats you if you have a diagnosis

Carrying a hose up a flight of stairs, doing cartwheels on a balance beam, being able to touch your toes are all example of what?

Performance

Walking a dog, having a normal body weight, being able to touch your toes are examples of what?

Health

WHO definition of health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease

In 2020 what were the 3 leading causes of death?

Heart disease, Cancer, and Covid-19

Life expectancy in Canada is?

82 years old

Where is the shortest life expectancy?

Central African Republic at 53.1 years old

Where is the longest life expectancy?

Japan at 84.3 years old

What are example of public health care?

Hospitals, Physicians, Diagnostics

What are examples of publicly funded but privately delivered health care?

Cataract surgeries and walk-in-clinics

What are examples of private health care?

Many drugs, therapies, and community-based rehabilitation (ex: physio)

What are three levels of care?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

What is primary care?

Wide scope- first point of consultation, family physician, or general practitioner

What is secondary care?

Focused scope- medical specialists typically in a hospital (ex: cardiologist, urologist, etc)

What is tertiary care?

Specialist-in hospital with advanced facilities for medical investigation (cancer management, paediatrics)

The pros and cons of fully private health care

Pros: Faster care, more options for procedures, can choose doctor, more privacy

Cons: Inequality, not all will get health care, refuse to treat complex cases, more expensive

The pros and cons of fully public health care

Pros: Everyone can get the same healthcare, care is more affordable (non-profit)

Cons: Longer wait times, fewer choices, higher patient loads for healthcare workers

PHAC

Public Health Agency of Canada

What percent of money is in preventative care?

5%

What is primary prevention?

Promote health behaviours, prevent health problems, ex: MADD

What is secondary prevention?

Reduce the impact of disease or injury that already occurred, detects and treats disease of injury, ex: mammograms

What is tertiary prevention?

Soften the impact of ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects, ex: cardiac or stroke rehabilitation

What are some examples of health promotion?

Mental health, injury, child health, pregnancy, infection, violence, anti smoking

Advocate

for health promotion

Enable

achieving health equity

Mediate

primary and secondary health

This model is that a person can go straight to the specialist without getting approval from their family doctor. What is this?

Dispersed Health Model (USA)

People have to go to their family doctor to get a recommendation for a specialist

The Regionalized Health Model (Canada & UK)

CAM

Complementary/Alternative Medicine (Western vs. Eastern Medicine)

Massages, acupuncture, yoga, chiropractic care is all forms of what?

Alternative medicine (Eastern Medicine)

How much do Canadians spend on CAM a year?

$8.8 billion yearly

What are different types of CAM?

Natural products, mind and body medicine, manipulative and body practices

Naturally occurring substances that are used to restore or maintain good health

Natural Health Products (NHPs)

What does homeopathy do?

Homeopathy dilutes medicine until it works

What is DIN?

Drug product: most prescription/OTC products, meets more stringent drug regulations

What is NPN?

Natural Health Product, not Homeopathy: grab bag of products, efficacy claims can be based on essentially anecdotes

What is DIN-HM?

Homeopathy: likely no medicinal ingredients at all, no credible evidence of efficacy

What is EN?

Stands for registered but not fully assessed for safety, efficacy, and quality medicine

Most medicine gets tested on…

Animals

What are the risks of using health products?

Unproven claims, unwanted side effects

Examples of motivation

Triggered by internal and external factors, comes from within and comes from outside

Examples of locus of control

Internal, external, continuum

Intrinsic

You must care

Extrinsic

You feel accountable

External locus of control

Believes behaviour is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances

Internal locus of control

Believes behaviour is guided by their personal decisions and effort, destiny is within your control

What are the 2 kinds of stress?

Negative stress (Distress) Ex: Death of a family member

Positive stress (Eustress) Ex: School, excersise

Stress hormone

Cortisol which is in the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA)

HPA is normally activated when?

During times of stress, every morning when you wake up, when you are under stress, and during intensive care

Acute stress

Fight or flight response: more alert, increased heart rate, increasing circulating glucose, increased cortisol

Disease when there is too much stress and symptoms

Cushings disease, symptoms include emotional disturbance, osteoporosis, buffalo hump, obesity, muscle weakness, and chronically elevated cortisol levels

Disease where there is no stress and symptoms

Addisons disease, symptoms include no stress hormone, muscle weakness and fatigue, weight loss, decreased appetite, low blood pressure

How many nutrients are essential to human life

45 nutrients

What are the 6 main classes of nutrients

Carbohydrates, fat, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals

Macronutrients that are energy-yielding nutrients

Proteins, carbs, fats, water, alcohol

Calorie needs peak during which ages

18-25 years old

When does a person need more calorie intake?

When the person is obese, person does a lot of exercise, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women

What does TEE stand for

Total Energy Expenditure

What does PAL stand for

Physical Activity Levels

What does BMR stand for

Basal Metabolic Rate

What is the formula for calculating energy needs?

BMR x PAL = TEE

Dietary carbs

4kcal/g, provide energy

Simple carbohydrates (simple sugars)

Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides: Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Complex carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: glycogen and starch: storage forms of glucose, found in human muscle, and in grains, tubers and legumes

Dietary fibre (complex carb)

Non-starch polysaccharide/complex CHO (aldehyde)

Soluble fibre (complex carb)

Viscous (form gels), fermentable, ex: psyllium, beta-glucan, apples, legumes

Insoluble fibre (complex carb)

Non-viscous, relieves constipation, may prevent colon cancer, ex wheat bran, cellulose

Functional fibre

Fibres which are added to foods

Glycemic index

A carbohydrate classification tool founded in St.Micheals college in Canada

Maximum amount of sugars per day

100g - Health Canada, 50g - World Health Organization (WHO)

Dietary Fat

9kcal/g, very dense, provides energy, fatty acids=basic form, stored as triglycerides

The different degrees of triglycerides

Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

PUFA

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Linoleic acid-omega 6

Associated with increased disease

Alpha-linoleic acid-omega 3

Associated with lower blood clots, lower inflammation, lower blood pressure

What are examples of fish oil and benefits

Examples: Salmon, trout, seafood, fish oil pill

Benefits: Reduces blood clots, reduces inflammation, reduces blood pressure, improves brain health

When was artificial trans fats banned in Canada and in the USA

Canada -2018

USA-2015

Dietary Protein

4kcal/g, made up of amino acids from polypeptides: 9 essential and 11 non-essential

Examples and benefits of dietary protein

Examples: Protein in grains, fish, meat, eggs, tofu, and beans

Benefits: Regulates for growth, maintenance and repair of the body, regulation of body processes (enzymes and hormones), fluid balance, pH balance

Macronutrient: Water

Water is required in large amounts, it does not provide energy

Water is 60% of human body weight and is recommended

The functions of water

Lubricant, transport fluid, regulator of body temperature, aqueous medium for most biomechanical reactions

Examples of Vitamins

Organic molecules, fat soluble: vitamin e,d,a,k

Water soluble: vitamin c,b (1,2,3,5,6,12, biotin, folate)

What is fortification?

Some foods naturally lack certain vitamins so fortification which is the process of artificially adding nutrients to foods like adding vitamin d in milk and and vitamin b and folate in grains

Examples of minerals

Inorganic molecules, 6 major minerals (Na, P, Cl, Mg, K, Ca) also many trace minerals (Fe, Zn, Se, Cu, Co)

DRI and what is it

Dietary Reference Intake, designed to promote health and prevent nutrient deficiencies, joint venture between USA and Canada

What is the purpose of Canada’s Food Guide

Designed to promote health and a balanced diet, food based on DRI