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Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Krebs Cycle

A series of reactions in cellular respiration that produces electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and ATP, releasing CO2.

Electron Transport Chain

A sequence of protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane that transfers electrons and pumps protons to create a gradient for ATP synthesis.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of ATP production that occurs in the mitochondria, using the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain.

NAD+

An electron carrier that accepts electrons during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle and becomes NADH.

FADH2

An electron carrier that is produced in the Krebs Cycle and contributes to the electron transport chain.

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen to produce energy, involving glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Fermentation

The process that enables cells to generate energy without oxygen by converting pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol.

Allosteric Regulation

The regulation of an enzyme's activity through the binding of regulatory molecules at sites other than the active site.

Feedback Inhibition

A process where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme involved in its synthesis, preventing overproduction.

Central Dogma

The model that describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Promoter

A DNA sequence that signals the start of a gene, recognized by RNA polymerase during transcription.

Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, carried out by RNA polymerase.

Introns

Non-coding sequences in a gene that are transcribed into RNA but are removed during RNA processing.

Exons

Coding sequences in a gene that are retained and translated into protein after RNA processing.

DNA Polymerase

An enzyme responsible for synthesizing DNA strands from nucleotides during DNA replication.