Stonehenge
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103 Terms
historian /hɪˈstɔːriən/ (n)
a person who studies or writes about history; an expert in history
Some historians think that history repeats itself.
archaeologist /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒɪst/ (n)
someone who studies the buildings, graves, tools, and other objects of people who lived in the past
She wanted to be an archaeologist and took part in several digs in her youth.
puzzle over (phr.v)
to think hard about something in order to understand or explain it
Karen puzzled over the question all evening.
Scientists are puzzling over the results of the research.
I puzzle over the Present Simple tense to explain it to my niece.
prehistoric (adj) /ˌpriːhɪˈstɔːrɪk/
connected with the time in history before information was written down
Prehistoric cave paintings have been found in many parts of the world.
Dinosaurs lived in prehistoric times.
Life in the prehistoric times is somehow interesting to me.
monument (n) /ˈmɑːnjumənt/
monument (to somebody/something)
a building, column, statue, etc. built to remind people of a famous person or event
A monument to him was erected in St Paul's Cathedral.
The monument will stand just inside the cathedral.
I’ve always wanted to go to Nha Trang City to witness the Tran Hung Dao monument.
erect (v) /ɪˈrekt/
erect something
to build something (often large buildings or monuments)
The church was erected in 1582.
A large monument was erected on the battlefield.
I don’t know who erected the Tran Hung Dao monument; therefore, I have to google it.
comprise (v) /kəmˈpraɪz/
not used in the progressive tenses
be comprised of
to have somebody/something as parts or members
The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors.
Italian students comprise 60 percent of the class.
The United States of America is comprised of 50 states.
upright (adj) /ˈʌpraɪt/
placed in a vertical position
Keep the bottle upright
The piano was placed in an upright position.
Can you sit upright?
circular (adj) /ˈsɜːrkjələr/
having the shape of a circle; round
The room was circular, with a high domed ceiling.
The satellite follows a circular orbit around the Earth.
My niece likes drawing circular shapes.
iconic (adj) /aɪˈkɑːnɪk/
being a famous person or thing that people admire and see as a symbol of a particular idea, way of life, etc.
I think his work was so iconic.
My mom is the iconic superwoman in my heart.
ruin (n) /ˈruːɪn/
the parts of a building that remain after it has been destroyed or severely damaged
We visited the ruins of a Norman castle.
construct (v) /kənˈstrʌkt/
construct something
to build or make something such as a road, building or machine
The building was constructed in 1993.
The main road is being constructed.
primitive (adj) /ˈprɪmətɪv/
relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people living in a simple way without machines or a writing system
Primitive tribes lived in this area thousands of years ago.
fashion (v) /ˈfæʃn/
fashion B (into A)
to make or shape something, especially with your hands
She fashioned the clay into a pot.
antler (n) /ˈæntlər/
one of the two horns that grow on the head of male deer
The deer's antlers were huge.
ditch (n) /dɪtʃ/
a long, narrow open hole that is dug into the ground, usually at the side of a road or field, used especially for supplying or removing water or for dividing land
The ditch ran parallel to the road.
The car went out of control and plunged into a ditch.
pit (n) /pɪt/
a large deep hole in the ground
We dug a deep pit in the yard.
The body had been dumped in a pit.
era (n) /ˈerə/
a period of time, usually in history, that is different from other periods because of particular characteristics or events
This is the start of a new era of peace and prosperity.
They had worked for peace during the long era of conflict.
hoist (v) /hɔɪst/
to raise or pull something up to a higher position, often using ropes or special equipment
When you win an event, they hoist your country's flag and play the national anthem.
horseshoe (n) /ˈhɔːrsʃuː/
a piece of curved iron that is attached with nails to the bottom of a horse’s foot. A horseshoe is often used as a symbol of good luck.
He hung a horseshoe over the door for good luck.
sophisticated (adj) /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/
(of a machine, system, etc.) clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented
Medical techniques are becoming more sophisticated all the time.
haul (v) /hɔːl/
haul something/somebody
to pull something/somebody with a lot of effort
They hauled the boat out of the water.
boulder (n) /ˈbəʊldər/
a very large rock which has been shaped by water or the weather
The path was blocked by a huge boulder.
sceptical (adj) /ˈskeptɪkl/
sceptical about something
having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that something will happen
I am sceptical about his chances of winning.
I take a more sceptical view.
crescent (n) /ˈkresnt/
a curved shape that is wide in the middle and pointed at each end
The moon was a brightly shining crescent.
reposition (v) /ˌriːpəˈzɪʃ.ən/
to move something to a different place or position
She repositioned the furniture in the room to create more space.
undertake (v) /ˌʌndərˈteɪk/
undertake something
to make yourself responsible for something and start doing it
Students are required to undertake simple experiments.
unearth (v) /ʌnˈɜːrθ/
unearth something
to find something in the ground by digging
Police have unearthed a human skeleton.
The remains were unearthed last year by archaeologists.
obscure (adj) /əbˈskjʊr/
not well known
We went to see one of Shakespeare’s more obscure plays.
The origins of the tradition have become obscure.
obscure (v) /əbˈskjʊr/
to prevent something from being seen or heard
The sun was obscured by clouds.
The moon was obscured behind a wall of cloud.
consensus (n) /kənˈsensəs/
consensus (about/on something)
an opinion that all members of a group agree with
Computer science has reached a rough consensus on this issue.
No clear consensus exists over the next stage of the plan.
speculate (v) /ˈspek.jə.leɪt/
to guess possible answers to a question when you do not have enough information to be certain
I don't know why she did it - I'm just speculating.
It's useless to speculate without more information.
Scientists have speculated about the possibility of parallel universes.
indigenous (adj) /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/
native
(of people and their culture) coming from a particular place and having lived there for a long time before other people came there; relating to, belonging to or developed by these people
Antarctica has no indigenous human population.
So who are the indigenous people of this land?
Vietnamese is officially indigenous language in Viet Nam
agrarian (adj) /əˈɡreriən/
connected with farming and the use of land for farming
Viet Nam is an agrarian country.
dense (adj) /dens/
containing a lot of people, things, plants, etc. with little space between them
The forest is quite dense at that point.
cart (n) /kɑːrt/
a vehicle with two or four wheels that is pulled by a horse and used for carrying loads
She brought the vegetables in an ox cart.
The only form of transport was a donkey cart.
cart (v) /kɑːrt/
cart something (+ adv./prep.) (informal)
to carry something that is large or heavy or difficult to carry
They carted the logs back up to the house.
They were seen carting boxes and files out of the offices.w
wicker (adj) /ˈwɪkər/
made of very thin pieces of wood twisted together:
There is a wicker basket on the table.
My grandmother loves sitting on that wicker chair.
slab (n) /slæb/
a thick flat piece of stone, wood or other hard material
The road was paved with smooth stone slabs.
assemble (v) /əˈsembl/
assemble something
to come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group
He tried to assemble his thoughts.
Over 50,000 people assembled in the main square
merchant (n) /ˈmɜːrtʃənt/
a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one who imports and exports goods
Venice was once a city of rich merchants
chairman (n) /ˈtʃermən/
the person in charge of a committee, a company, etc.
The chairman of the company presented the annual report.
landholding (n) /ˈlændhəʊldɪŋ/
a piece of land that somebody owns or rents; the fact of owning or renting land
The family's extensive landholdings generated substantial income.
farmland (n) /ˈfɑːrmlænd/
land that is used for farming
The United States loses over 4 000 acres of farmland every day.
mansion (n) /ˈmænʃn/
a large, impressive house
The historic mansion stands in 160 acres of parkland.
He told me he owned a mansion in Spain and I fell for it.
outskirts (n) /ˈaʊtskɜːrts/
on the outskirts (of something)
the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre
They live on the outskirts of Milan.
We were driving through the outskirts of Baghdad.
apprenticeship (n) /əˈprentɪʃɪp/
a period of time working as an apprentice; a job as an apprentice
She was in the second year of her apprenticeship as a carpenter.
He had served his apprenticeship as a plumber.
apprentice (n) /əˈprentɪs/
a young person who works for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to learn the particular skills needed in their job
Most of the work was done by apprentices.
take up something / take up something
o learn or start to do something, especially for pleasure
She has taken up (= started to learn to play) the oboe.
He took up photography as a hobby.
flare (n) /fler/
a bright but unsteady light or flame that does not last long
The flare of the match lit up his face.
realism (n) /ˈriːəlɪzəm/
a way of thinking and acting based on facts and what is possible, rather than on hopes for things that are unlikely to happen
His decision not to expand the business shows his down-to-earth realism.
down to earth (adj) /ˌdaʊn.tuːˈɝːθ/
sensible and practical, in a way that is helpful and friendly
She's a down-to-earth woman with no pretensions.
Fran’s a friendly, down-to-earth person.
under the influence of sb/sth
the power that somebody/something has to make somebody/something behave in a particular way
At the time she was under the influence of her father.
He committed the crime under the influence of drugs.
circulation (n) /ˌsɜːrkjəˈleɪʃn/
the process in which something such as information, money, or goods passes from one person to another
I hear she's back in circulation (= taking part in social activities) after her accident.
Police have warned that there are a lot of fake £50 notes in circulation.
evaluate (v) /ɪˈvæljueɪt/
to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully
The trial will evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs.
We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.
specialize in sth (v) /ˈspeʃəlaɪz/
to become an expert in a particular area of work, study or business; to spend more time on one area of work, etc. than on others
He specialized in criminal law.
The shop specializes in hand-made chocolates.
in pursuit of something (n)
the act of looking for or trying to get something
She travelled the world in pursuit of her dreams.
The purpose of the award is to encourage the pursuit of excellence.
sufficient (adj) /səˈfɪʃnt/
enough for a particular purpose; as much as you need
Did you have sufficient time to do the work?
I hope we have sufficient people to do the job.
depict (v) /dɪˈpɪkt/
depict somebody/something (as somebody/something)
to show an image of somebody/something in a picture
Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century.
In the film she's depicted as a very cold and calculating character.
Cupid is usually depicted as a winged boy with a bow and arrow.
lumber = timber (n) /ˈlʌmbər/ /ˈtɪmbər/
wood that is prepared for use in building, etc.
houses built of timber
steamboat (n) /ˈstiːmbəʊt/
a boat driven by steam, used especially in the past on rivers and along coasts
He took the small amount of money he had saved and bought passage on the Albany steamboat.
competing (adj) /kəmˈpiːtɪŋ/
(of different products, services or businesses) each trying to get the attention of possible customers and be more successful than others
competing brands of diet soda
cater for sb/sth (v) /ˈkeɪtər/
to provide food and drinks for a social event
Most of our work now involves catering for weddings.
I'm catering for twelve on Sunday - the whole family is coming.
stock sth (v) stɑːk/
(of a shop) to keep a supply of a particular type of goods to sell
We stock a wide range of camping equipment.
Do you stock green tea?
mounting (adj) /ˈmaʊntɪŋ/
increasing, often in a manner that causes or expresses worry
There is mounting evidence of serious effects on people's health.
There was mounting pressure on him to resign.
frame (v)
to surround something with something else so that it looks attractive or can be seen clearly
Sarah’s face was framed by her long dark hair. (frame sth/sb)
She stood there, framed against the doorway. (be framed agaisnt sth)
intercolonial (adj)
involving two or more colonies (= countries that are ruled by another country)
The merchants of Mexico City then took the initiative in intercolonial trade.
At that time, their products were exported mainly to the intercolonial markets.
withdrawn (adj) /wɪθˈdrɔːn/
not wanting to talk to other people; extremely quiet and shy
She seemed withdrawn and cold.
The doctor noticed how withdrawn she had become.
Following her son's death, she became quiet and withdrawn and rarely went out.
self-absorbed (adj) /ˌself əbˈzɔːrbd/
only thinking about or interested in yourself
The girls sat sulky and self-absorbed.
He watched the joggers with their self-absorbed faces.
sulky (adj) /ˈsʌlki/
in a bad mood or not speaking because you are angry about something
Sarah had looked sulky all morning.
She brought along a couple of sulky kids who didn't say a word the whole time.
sprout (v) - not for plants
to appear; to develop something, especially in large numbers
The town has sprouted shopping malls, discos and nightclubs in recent years.
obstinate (adj) /ˈɑːbstɪnət/
refusing to change your opinions, way of behaving, etc. when other people try to persuade you to; showing this (=stubborn)
He can be very obstinate when he wants to be!
obstructive (adj) /əbˈstrʌktɪv/
(medical) connected with a passage, tube, etc. in your body that has become blocked
obstructive lung disease
But snoring loudly and habitually can be an indication of a potentially life-threatening breathing disturbance known as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
apnoea (n) /ˈæpniə/
a condition in which somebody stops breathing for a short time, especially while they are sleeping
sleep apnoea
respiratory (adj) /ˈrespərətɔːri/
connected with breathing
Smoking can cause respiratory diseases.
neglect sth (v) nɪˈɡlekt/
to not give enough attention to something
Dance has been neglected by television.
She has neglected her studies.
cyclically (adv) /ˈsɪklɪkli/
in a way that is repeated many times, always in the same order
The process may be cyclically repeated using the same or different ingredients.
The seasons change cyclically throughout the year.
homeothermic (adj) /ˌhoʊ.mi.oʊˈθɝː.mɪk/
If a living organism is homeothermic, it is able to keep its body temperature at the same level despite any change in the temperature around it
Homeothermic animals are often described as warm-blooded.
Homeothermic animals can maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the external environment.
arouse sth (v) /əˈraʊz/
to make somebody have a particular feeling or attitude
Her strange behaviour aroused our suspicions.
The debate aroused strong feelings on both sides.
threshold (n) /ˈθreʃhəʊld/
the level or point at which you start to experience something, or at which something starts to happen
I have a low/high boredom threshold (= I do/don't feel bored easily).
I have a high pain threshold (= I can suffer a lot of pain before I start to react).
intermittent (adj) /ˌɪntərˈmɪtənt/
stopping and starting often over a period of time, but not regularly
A day of intermittent rainstorms followed.
The afternoon will be warm but unsettled, with intermittent light rain
precursor of/to sth (n) /ˌpriːˈkɝː.sɚ/
something that happened or existed before another thing, especially if it either developed into it or had an influence on it
Sulphur dioxide is the main precursor of acid rain
Biological research has often been a precursor to medical breakthroughs.
precede sb/sth (v) /priːˈsiːd/
to be or go before something or someone in time or space
Verbs usually precede objects in English.
In other words, music precedes the idea.
disturbance (n) /dɪˈstɜːrbəns/
actions that make you stop what you are doing, or that upset the normal state that something is in; the act of disturbing somebody/something or the fact of being disturbed
The building work is creating constant noise, dust and disturbance.
She moved the nest very carefully to prevent disturbance to the birds.
terror (n)
a feeling of extreme fear
Her eyes were wild with terror.
He lives in terror of (= is constantly afraid of) losing his job
The three kids lived in a state of terror.
sheer (adj) /ʃɪr/
used to emphasize how very great, important, or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing except
The suggestion is sheer nonsense.
I've got where I am through sheer hard work.
We were impressed by the sheer size of the cathedral.
tremble with sth (v)
to shake in a way that you cannot control, especially because you are very nervous, excited, frightened, etc.
My legs were trembling with fear.
Her voice trembled with excitement.
intrinsic (adj) /ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk/
being part of the nature or character of someone or something
Parents need to teach children the intrinsic value of good behavior.
These tasks were repetitive, lengthy and lacking any intrinsic interest.
Coordinator (n) /kəʊˈɔːrdɪneɪtər/
a person who organizes the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well
The campaign needs an effective coordinator.
Showcase sth (v) /ˈʃəʊkeɪs/
to present somebody's abilities or the good qualities of something in an attractive way
Jack found a film role that showcased all his talents.
Fed up (adj) /ˌfed ˈʌp/
fed up with doing sth
Fed up with sb/sth
bored, annoyed, or disappointed, especially by something that you have experienced for too long:
I’m fed up with my job.
I’m fed up with waiting for her.
Fed up to the back teeth with doing sth (idiom)
Very fed up
I’m fed up to the back teeth of hearing your problems.
I’m fed up to the back teeth of your apologies.
assume sth (v) /əˈsuːm/
to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it
Don't always assume the worst (= that something bad has happened).
We have assumed an average profit of £5 000 a month.
enquire sth = inquire sth (v)
enquire about sb/sth /ɪnˈkwaɪər/
to ask somebody for some information
He enquired her name.
I called the garage to enquire about progress on the repairs.
Shall I inquire about the price of tickets?
thread (n) /θred/
a thin string of cotton, wool, silk, etc. used for sewing or making cloth
You've pulled a thread in your jumper.
Have you got a needle and thread I could borrow?
detach sth
detach sth from sth
(v) /dɪˈtætʃ/
to remove something from something larger; to become separated from something
The leaves detach from the tree in autumn.
Detach the lower part of the form from this letter and return it to the above address.