USH SEMESTER ONE

Jamestown, Virginia

the first permanent english settlement

House of Burgesses

the first legislative body in colonial american, elected by the Virginia planters

Mayflower Compact

provided a framework for self-government in colonial america, adopted by the Puritans in New England

Magna Carta

limited the power of the English monarch, protected the rights of the people to own private property and guaranteed the right to trial by jury

English Bill of Rights

a written list of freedoms that the government promised to protect

enlightenment

a European intellectual movement in the 18th century. enlightenment philosophers believed that all problems could be solved by human reason.

John Locke

english philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Great Awakening

a religious movement that swept through the colonies, was initiated by colonists who wanted religion that was less emotional and more rational

Thomas Jefferson

the main author of the declaration of independence

John Hancock

a wealthy merchants and leader of the Patriots in Massachusetts

The Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by america and england that officially ended the revolutionary war

republican government

a government in which officials are representatives elected by the people

bill of rights

a list of freedoms guaranteed by the state government (freedom of religion, press, and the right to trial by jury)

articles of confederation

officially created the united states of america, most power remained with the states, created a national government without a president or judicial branch

northwest territory

a region of the United States bounded by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and the Great Lakes. the region was given to the United States by the Treaty of Paris in 1783. governed under the northwest ordinance

shay's rebellion

rebellion led by Daniel Shays in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

james madison

"father of the constitution," federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

the virginia plan

proposal to create a strong national government

the great compromise

settled the differences between the virginia and the new jersey plans by creating a bicameral, or two-house, legislature

the federalist papers

explained why James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton believed that the constitution was vital to the survival of the new nation. also explained how the new system of government would work.

antifederalists

opponents of the ratification of the constitution

popular sovereignty

the belief that the government derives its political authority from the people

separation of powers

distinct legislative, executive, and judicial branches with different powers and responsibilities to prevent misuses of power by any of the three branches

federalism

a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

principles of the constitution

popular sovereignty, separation of powers, limited government, federalism, checks and balances, representative government

checks and balances

the three branches of government were given separate and sometimes overlapping responsibilities, along with specific ways to override decisions of the other branches

representative government

voters elect representatives to make laws for them

when did Lincoln become president?

March 4, 1861

Fort Sumter

Built following the War of 1812, and still not completely finished by 1861, the fort is located in Charleston Harbor, SC. Fort Sumter is best remembered for the Battle of Fort Sumter, where the first shots of the civil war were fired. Once the Confederate States of America took control of Charleston Harbor, they soon aimed costal guns on the fort, and fired. After the battle, 4 more states seceeded, and there was more support for military action.

Dates of Civil War

Lasted from April 1861-April 1865

Goal of the North

Preserve the Union, arguing that no state had the right to secede

Goal of the South

Gain their independence from a Union that they felt had become hostile to their interests

Advantages of North

Growing populations supported a wide range of manufacturing; replenished by a continuing influx of immigrant workers from Europe, northern factories increased production of ammunition, arms, uniforms, medical supplies, food, ships, and railroad cars; railroad system, farming, mining, and processing of raw materials were well developed; good navy

Advantages of South

Although they had a smaller troop, the men were more motivated in the south; contained some of the nation's finest and most experienced officers (Robert Lee); fighting a defensive war on their own territory (only had to outlast the Union)

Anaconda Plan

Plan developed by the North; involved seizing the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico so that the South could not send or receive shipments; by middle of 1862, north captured the Mississippi Valley; Union soldiers also seized the railroad juncture @ Chattanooga

Where were some of the deadliest encounters in America?

Bull Run (July 1861), Shiloh (April 1862), Antietam (September 1862), Fredericksburg (December 1862)

Lincoln's chief goal

Preserve the Union, not end slavery (did not want to lose support of the four slave states- Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri)

Emancipation Proclamation

presidential decree that declared that "all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free"; did not immediately free a single slave; important turning point (encouraged enslaved African Americans to run away to the Union); as a result, Union began to actively recruit both free blacks from the north and newly freed African Americans from the South (180,000 in total)

Draft Law of 1863

Requiring all able-bodied men between 20-45 to serve in the military if called

Habeas Corpus

Guarantees that no one can be held in prison without specific charges being filed; needed in order to preserve the Union

Hardships in South

Large-scale agriculture was destroyed; resources were ruined; Union planned to starve the South; inflation

Women's Role in Civil War

set up field hospitals and nurse wounded soldiers; harvest crops; white and black teachers from the North went south to become teachers of newly freed slaves

Ulysses S. Grant

scored 5 victories in three weeks, ending with the surrender of 30,000 Confederate troops (Confederate territory was split apart)

Battle of Gettysburg

the event that marked the last major Confederate attempt to invade the North; destroyed 1/3 of Lee's forces

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln referred to the Declaration of Independence and its founding principles of liberty and equality; asked for those to remember those who died at Gettysburg as they fought for a "new birth of freedom"

William T. Sherman

the Union general who led more than 60,000 troops on a 400 mile march of destruction through Georgia and South Carolina

Total War

Targeted not only troops but all the resources needed to feed, clothe, and support an army (for example, Sherman's troops burned crops in fields, tore up railroad tracks, and destroyed homes, plantations and public buildings)

When did Lee surrender?

April 9, 1865

Impact of the War

1/3 of northern and southern soldiers were killed or disabled; southern landscape and economy were in shambles; millions of dislocated southerns drifted north; increased migration to the West to become cowboys/farmers; unified nation

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery; had to be ratified by 3/4 of the states to go into effect; took 6 months

Federalist Party

Led by Alexander Hamilton; wanted a strong FEDERAL government and supported industry and trade

Democratic-Republican Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France under Napoleon Bonaparte. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

Embargo

An official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country

virginia plan

proposed representation based on population, bicameral, strong national government, congress would have more power than the states, upper house elected by lower

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Andrew Jackson

President 1829-1833 and 1833-1837; Indian removal act; expanded the concept of democracy; ended Era of Good Feelings on his presidency

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.

30, 80

Participation in elections grew from less than __% to almost __% in 1840.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

North, South

The industrial \___ favored the protective tariffs while the agrarian \___ opposed them.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

South Carolina

This state threatened to secede from the Union over a tariff

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River

Second Seminole War

From 1835-1842; A war in which the Seminoles tried to retain their land in Florida

Trail of Tears

The path in which the Cherokees traveled from the Southeast to Oklahoma

15,000, 4,000

More than \______ Cherokees traveled on the Trail of Tears, while nearly \______ died of disease, exposure, and hunger.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Stop

Jackson decided to \____ accepting paper money for land

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States that led to the nation's worst economic depression to that date

new jersey plan

proposed that representation remains as it was under the articles, legislature remains unicameral with its laws taking precedent over states, an executive council

Monroe Doctrine

A doctrine in which the US asserted that the monarchies of Europe had no business meddling with American republics; Also stated US would stay out of European affairs

Alexis de Tocqueville

Published "Democracy in America;" Supported young nation's commitment to the liberty and individualism expressed in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution

Industrial Revolution

The transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney created this machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber

200

Historians estimate that nearly \___ slave revolts took place in the first half of the 1800s

Underground Railroad

A system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Abolitionists

People who wanted to end slavery

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Reform Movements

Response to poor conditions to society in order to change for the better. Examples are: Women's Suffrage movement, Labor Unions, and education reform

Second Great Awakening

A revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s that led to an increase in participation in evangelican Protestant movements

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Organized the Seneca Falls Convention

Seneca Falls Convention

The first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Declaration of Sentiments

Declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

James K. Polk

A slaveholder and expansionist that favored the annexation of Texas

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $18 million

California

The admission of \_________ would tip the balance in favor of the free states.

Wilmot Proviso

Called for a ban on slavery in any territory that the US gained from Mexico as a result of the war

Free-Soil Party

A political party, led by Martin van Buren, dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Compromise of 1850

Agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories; California is admitted as a free state but other territory acquired from Mexico would be decided by voters

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people

Fugitive Slave Act

This law allowed officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave, denied fugitives to the right of a jury trial, and required all citizens to capture runaway slaves

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which put a human face on slavery firsthand

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery