patterns of inheritance vocabulary

quiz ~ 1/23/2023

inheritance

transmittance of inborn characteristics from parent to offspring

heritable

adjective describing traits that are genetically based or passed on from parent to offspring

genetics

branch of biology that focuses on heredity

self-pollination

process in which pollen from the anther of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower

self-fertilization

process in which male and female gametes within the same flower fuse to produce offspring (form a zygote)

true breeding

adjective describing an individual in which when self-pollinated will only produce offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent

parental generation

first two individuals crossed during breeding experimentation

first filial generation

generation of offspring produced from breeding parent

second filial generation

generation offspring produced by the first filial generation

cross pollinate

process in which pollen from one plant is used during reproduction with another plant

monohybrid cross

cross that involves one pair of contrasting traits

blending

process in which parents pass on traits to offspring which blend to form an intermediate

law of segregation

alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed

law of independent assortment

alleles for different genes separate independently of one another

locus

location of gene

homozygous

if two alleles of a particular gene are the same in an individual

heterozygous

if two alleles of a particular gene are different in an individual

genotype

the set of alleles that an individual has for a trait

phenotype

physical expression of a trait

punnett square

diagram that depicts the outcome of a gamete cross

allele

an alternate form of a gene

dominant allele

an allele of a gene which is represented by a capital letter that is expressed over the recessive allele

recessive allele

an allele of a gene which is represented by a lowercase letter that is suppressed by the dominant allele

polygenic inheritance

trait determined by many genes

environmental influence

the expression of some genes are affected by environmental condition

incomplete dominance

occurs when heterozygous is an intermediate phenotype between dominant and recessive

codominance

occurs when both alleles are equally expressed in heterozygous

multiple alleles

trait that has more than two alleles

linked genes

genes for different traits are located on the same chromosome and therefore tend to be inherited together

sex linked traits

traits controlled by genes on a sex chromosome

genotypic ratio

ratio to represent the possible genotypes of a given cross as homozygous dominant to heterozygous to homozygous recessive

phenotypic ratio

ratio to represent the possible phenotypes of a given cross as dominant to recessive

probability

likelihood a specific event will occur

test cross

cross between a homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype

ishihara chart

a chart used to test for color blindness

single trait cross

cross that (focuses on or involves) one pair of contrasting traits