CDI 315 Exam 1

mass

the greater the _______ or speed of an object the harder it is to stop

momentum

mass in motion

inertia

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion

__________ must be overcome to achieve momentum

work

when a force is exerted over a distance

solid

remains the same shape and volume at a constant temperature

liquid

conforms to the shape of its container

—has constant volume, but takes the shape of its container

gas

spreads to fill its container ex) how exhaled air fills the vocal tract

• retains neither its shape or volume, expands to fill its container

vibration

A back-and-forth motion; oscillation.

-When undisturbed, a system is at equilibrium and remains so (Newton!) until acted upon

wave

a disturbance that travels through a medium

—it transfers energy ex) ripples on a lake

transverse waves

Displaced particles travel perpendicular to the motion of the wave. There are crests and troughs

longitudinal waves

A series of pressure disturbances. Displaced particles of the medium move parallel to the wave’s motion Ex: Sound waves

compressions

the air particles are compressed tightly together

rarefactions

The air particles are more separate (less dense)

frequency, periodicity, intensity

What are the 3 properties of a sound wave?

frequency

How often the air molecules vibrate…how often the sequence of C and R repeats itself.

Periodicity

The time between neighboring points of C or R, high frequency means a short period

intensity

A measure of a sound wave’s power.

decibels of sound pressure level

what is speech intensity measured in?

hertz

frequency is measured in ______, which is how many times the cycle repeats in one second. 

wavelength

This is the distance traveled by one vibration cycle (R to R or C to C).

—There is an inverse relationship between this and frequency….the higher the pitch (frequency), the shorter the ______.

speed of sound

The _____ is dependent on the medium in which it travels

Sound travels faster in less dense material

Fastest in solids (due to the strong bonds between molecules), Travels better in warmer temps.

pitch

Our perception is largely based on a sound’s frequency. However, it is also influenced by intensity 

loudness

Humans perceive this differently at different frequencies (pitches). 

• The human ear is less sensitive to lower and very high frequencies. They need to be louder for us to perceive and differentiate them. 

pure tones

are those that vibrate at ONE frequency

complex tones

include more than one frequency

—-is periodic…. A repetition of a pattern. It has an underlying pattern that repeats.

fundamental frequency

• ƒ₀, of a complex tone is always the lowest frequency of all the pure tones that comprise the complex tone. 

  •  is how frequently the larger pattern repeats itself

  • is the loudest of the tones

aperiodic sounds

do not have such patterns. They aren’t perceived by humans as having a particular frequency.

periodic sounds

have order… they repeat patterns. 

in phase

• When 2 distinct waves are ________ with each other, this means their compressions and rarefactions occur at the same point in time

  • the compressions and rarefactions will be reinforced, resulting in a combined wave with greater intensity.

  • called constructive interference

out of

When two distinct waves are ______ phase with each other the C and R cancel each other out.

The result is silence.---- called destructive interference

resonance

is increasing the amplitude of an object’s vibration when a force is applied at its natural frequency. 

standing wave

In a closed system when a wave is reflected back and interferes with the incident wave, the two waves will appear to stand still.

harmonics

 are higher resonant frequencies that are multiples of the ƒ₀ in a complex tone.

forced vibration

Occurs when a nearby medium/object is already vibrating and sets another medium/object into vibration. This second object/medium is a resonator. 

lungs

Housed in the thoracic cavity, Surrounded by the rib cage, sternum, and spinal vertebrae

diaphragm

dome-shaped muscle, is inferior to the lungs

trachea

is inferior to the larynx 

Vocal folds

• Within the larynx. Anterior (in front of) the esophagus

  • Attached anteriorly (at the front) at the thyroid cartilage

  • Attached posteriorly (at the back) at the arytenoid cartilages

larynx

superior to the trachea, houses the vocal folds

pharynx

located inside the neck and is a space from the nasal cavity to the trachea

oral cavity

the mouth and all the resonators within it including the lips, tongue, and teeth

inhalation

The ribs along with the intercostal muscles expand upwards and outwards, allows the lungs to inflate.

exhalation

• the internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs down and in, resulting in less space in the thoracic cavity. 

• The ribs move downward and inward. 

Boyle’s Law

• air flows from areas of high pressure to lower pressure

  • Increased volume of lungs= decreased air pressure

  • Decreased volume of lungs= increased air pressure

what are the lungs made of

• 90% air and 10% tissue (blood vessels, collagen, elastin fibers)

to achieve proper respiratory support for voicing we must have stable posture. This recruits many muscles of the body.

How does posture relate to breathing?

Clavicular Breathing

Overuse of the chest and neck muscles to breathe

Diaphragmatic Breathing

• Abdominal breathing”

• Efficient- the goal for speech and singing

Speech Breathing

breathing for speaking,  the inhalation is about 10%, with exhalation accounting for 90%

Quiet Breathing

breathing in a relaxed state the inhalation cycle is about 40% of the total cycle, with exhalation accounting for 60%.

esophagus

posterior to the trachea

epiglottis

flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx

arytenoids

paired pyramid-shaped structures of cartilage found in the larynx,  on the border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage and help form the cricoarytenoid joints

thyroid cartilage

beneath the hyoid bone

glottis

The middle part of the larynx; is the area where the vocal cords are located, a space

abducted

vocal folds open

adducted

vocal folds closed

Epithelial Tissue

Outermost layer of VFs. Very thin. < .1 mm

Lamina Propria

• made of Superficial layer of LP

• Intermediate layer of LP

• Deep layer of LP

Vocalis Muscle

 aka thyroarytenoid muscle

passive

vibration of the vocal folds does not rely on muscular effort, so it is _______

Myloelastic-aerodynamic theory of voicing

Voicing occurs due to

• Elastic properties of the vocal folds

• The ability of the vocal folds to be closed (adducted)

• Aerodynamic principles such as the Bernoulli Effect

• Air pressure from the exhaled air stream below the vocal folds

To protect the airway during the swallow so that no food or liquid goes into the trachea and to the lungs.

To produce voicing.

To provide a mechanical advantage for pushing and lifting. When tightly closed, the VFs and air pressure built up below them allow you to push or lift more efficiently.

What are the 3 functions of the Vocal Folds

Viscoelasticity

how well a fluid flows

mass, length, and tension

what are the 3 factors that affect the frequency of the vocal folds?

pitch

A person’s natural resonant frequency is related to the length and thickness of their vocal folds. The longer and thicker the VFs, the lower the _______ 

jitter

measured by the cycle-to-cycle vibrations produced by the frequency at which our vocal folds vibrate. Can be measured during sustained vowel phonation

shimmer

a commonly used method to determine the amplitude of the sound wave from the vocal folds,  measured from the steady-state portion of the vowel.

maximum phonation time

The maximum amount of time a person can sustain the phonation of "ah" is timed

glottal efficency

Someone with a lesion on their vocal folds would have reduced __________ because they have incomplete glottal closure and lower vocal efficiency

spectrogram

a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies with time.

source filter theory

The speech production system can be broken down into two major components: the sound source and the filter or resonator. 

sound source

provides input to the vocal tract 

resonator

filters the sound

harmonics

integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, come from vocal folds

formants

the characteristic resonances of the vocal tract

Lips, tongue, teeth

what are the boundaries of the vocal tract

tongue height, the higher your tongue, the lower this will be.

what is F1 inversely related to

influenced by the shape of the oral cavity, When the tongue is forward, this will be higher. 

What is F2 related to

sound source

harmonics can be referred to as the _________

pharynx

F1 is changed by constrictions in the

oral cavity

F2 is influenced by the shape of the

vocal tract

The length of the ________ will determine a person’s fundamental frequency and formant frequencies