Topic_10_Vocabulary

Essentials

Something you need to survive.

Substances

A particular kind of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) with uniform properties.

Multicellular

Made of more than one cell.

Efficient

Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential.

Semi-permeable membrane

A membrane that allows certain small molecules (e.g., water, oxygen) to pass through while blocking larger molecules.

Hydroponic farming

A method of growing plants in water containing dissolved nutrients without soil.

Nutrients

Substances that provide energy and materials for growth and repair.

Mineral salts

Essential minerals such as sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium needed for plant growth.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports food substances from leaves to the rest of the plant.

Transpiration

Loss of water vapor from the aerial parts of a plant, primarily through stomata in leaves.

Translocation

The movement of food substances (sugars) through the phloem to different parts of the plant.

Vascular bundles

Structures containing xylem and phloem tissues, which transport substances within a plant.

Photosynthesis

Process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.

Circulatory system

The system responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body.

Heart

A muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients occurs between blood and tissues.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood that transports cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Red blood cells

Blood cells that transport oxygen using the protein hemoglobin.

White blood cells

Blood cells that help protect the body against infections and foreign invaders.

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color.

Oxygenated

Blood rich in oxygen.

Deoxygenated

Blood carrying carbon dioxide instead of oxygen.