Neurons PNS and CNS

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What the name given to the insulating coating that covers the axon fiber?

Myelin sheath

What is the name of the cell that produces and thickens the myelin sheath?

Glial cell(s)

What are the exposed areas of the axon that improve the conductivity of the neuron?

Nodes of Ranvier

What are the two types of micro electrode that help to record action potentials inside the neuron?

Reference and recording

What do micro-electrodes actually record with regards to the neuron?

The negative charge of that area of the neuron RELATIVE to its surroundings

What are the ions that comprise the plasma that neurons “sit” in?

Na+ Cl- K+

What is the chemical exchange that occurs at the axon wall that initiates a signal?

3Na+ out and 2K+ in

What is the term given to when the axon’s relative charge dips to -70Mv at the end of an action potential?

Hyper-polarization

Why is Hyper-polarization crucial for the signal of information in the cell?

Prevents the signal propagating backwards

What is the crucial issue that causes nerve damage and paralysis?

inability to create a strong enough action potential

True of false: Each chemical channel on the axon membrane is selective to a specific ion (i.e. Na+ plus channel only takes Na+ ions)

True

True or false: The action potential can vary during the signals lifespan (i.e. receptor to brain)

False

If the stimulus intensity increases, what happens to the rate of signals in the neuron?

also increases

what is the name of the chemical messengers that are released between neurons?

Neurotransmitters

Give some examples of neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine, Dopamine and Seratonin

What are the two types of neurotransmitter?

Excitatory and Inhibitory

Outline the process of excitatory transmitters

Depolarizes neuron, more positive, more likely to send a signal

Outline the process of inhibitory neurons

Hyperpolarizes neuron, more negative, less likely to send a signal

What is the name given to the process where neurons learn to ignore a certain common stimulus

Habituation

What are the two processes stop neurotransmitter signals

Enzyme degradation and Re-uptake

What areas are in the Central Nervous System?

Brain and Spinal Chord

Name the two main components that make up your peripheral system

Somatic and autonomic

What are the two types of networks in the autonomic system?

Sympathetic and Para sympathetic

What is the role of the somatic component?

Acts as a messenger system for sensory and motor information

What is the role of the autonomic component?

Regulate automatic body behavior

What are the names of the three main sections of the brain?

Fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain

Give three subsections that can be found in the Midbrain + Hindbrain region

Medulla, Pons and Cerebellum

What is the function of the medulla?

Reflexes and vestibular control

What is the function of the Pons?

Motor/sensation control for facial muscles, attentiveness and dreaming

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

control and co-ordination of fine balance and movement

What are the the names of the two main cerebral sections (Forebrain + Hindbrain)?

The Cortex and the Sub-cortical areas

How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?

6

Name all four lobes that make up the cerebral cortex

Occipital, Temporal, Parietal and Frontal

True or false: the cerebral hemispheres process body information co-laterally

true

Give 3 sections that make up the sub-cortical area?

Thalamus, Hypothalamus and the lymbic system