Interventions II Exam 1

Settlement House Movement

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education
- Hull House was most famous

Hull House

- Jane Addams
- wanted to bridge gaps between social divides
- respected peoples cultures

Social Conversation Group

Rarely therapeutic, sometimes referred to as a team or a team support group

Recreation/Skill Building Group

combines the recreational and skill building groups.

education group

specialized skills and knowledge

Task Group

specific set of tasks or objectives

Problem and Decision Making

try to find a solution to a common problem

Focus Group

discuss specific issue or single topic

Self-Help and Mutual Aid Group

Come together to address a shared issue through mutual support

Socialization Group

Develop attitudes and behaviors that are more socially acceptable

Treatment Group

Explore problems in depth and develop strategies for resolving them

Psycho-educational Group

group work model that emphasizes education and emotional support

Symptom Management Group

Help patients better manage their symptoms, improve functioning, and behavioral skills

Social Skills Group

Designed for school-aged kids who need help making friends and other fulfilling connections

Process Group

Unstructured, focus on the here and now of the members

Stress Management Group

Cultivate healthy coping mechanisms and learn to avoid the stressors

Specialty Group

For a specific topic

Sensitivity and Encounter Training Groups

A group experience where people are encouraged to relate to each other on an interpersonal basis and self-disclosure is required.
(1) unfreezing (2) Change (3) refreezing.

unfreezing, change, refreezing

- recognize the need for change
- plan and implement changes
- changes reinforced and stabilized

Treatment Groups vs. Sensitivity Groups

Sensitivity Purpose: increase self-awareness in interpersonal relationships
Treatment Purpose: in-depth evaluation of problem

Family Group Conferencing

A method of implementing restorative justice that involves members of the community in negotiations to resolve a conflict and to repair the harm suffered by the victim.

Garland, Jones, and Kolodny Model

1. Pre-affiliation
2. Power and Control
3. Intimacy
4. Differentiation
5. Separation
- appeals to socialization, therapeutic, and encounter groups
- emotional closeness is central focus

Tuckman Model

1. Forming
2. Storming
3. Norming
4. Performing
5. Adjournment
- limited-duration therapy and sensitivity groups

Northen and Kurland Model

1. Inclusion-Oriented
2. Uncertainty-Exploration
3. Mutuality-Goal Achievement
4. Separation-Termination
- focus on socio-emotional themes

Ethics and Guidelines for Conducting Group Exercises

informed consent, autonomy, equality, confidentiality, authority challenges, focusing on the group's interest, and group problems

What type of group is Parents Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous?

self-help

What is the function of an ad hoc committe?

set up for 1 purpose and ceases functioning after completion of task

Open-Ended Groups

members leave and others join at any time during the existence of the group

Closed-Ended Groups

all members join at the time the group is organized and terminate membership at the end of a designated period

Reference Groups vs. Membership Groups

Reference
- group we identify and accept influence
- normative
- decision making
Membership Group
- group to which one belongs
- voluntary membership

normative reference groups

referent members seek to conform to position and standard for behavior

decision making reference groups

reference members use group standards (norms) as basis for making and evaluating decision

Pitfalls to avoid for group exercises

1. exercises not meant to solve emotional problems
2. exercises should have legitimate teaching and objectives and values
3. make sure there is time to process activity
4. make sure it is a supportive environment

Group

two or more individuals in face to face interaction, each aware of positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals, each aware of his or her membership in the group, and each aware of the others who belong to the group

Bales Model

recurring phase model: continue to seek equilibrium between task-oriented work and emotional expressions
- issues are never completely resolved and tend to recur later

Initial construction of groups

1. intake
2. selection of members
3. assessment and planning
4. group development and intervention
5. evaluation and termination

social welfare vs. social work

social welfare: macrosystem of resources
social work: helping patients get access to resources and navigate the system

Generalist Social Worker

A professional social worker who engages in a planned change process discovering, utilizing, and making connections to arrive at unique, responsive solutions involving individual persons, families, groups, organizational systems, and communities.
- micro, mezzo, macro

Generalist Intervention Model

1. Engagement
2. Assessment
3. Planning
4. Implementation
5. Evaluation
6. Termination
7. Follow-up

engagement

- unconditional positive regard
- building trust and rapport
- mutual respect

Medical Model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
- doesn't account for the complexities of causes/treatment

Ecological Model

a model that represents or describes the relationship between the components of an ecological system
- change systems to benefit clients
- learn to adapt to an environment
- emphasizes the dysfunctional transaction between people and their physical and social environment

Group Work

a process that seeks to stimulate and support more adaptive personal functioning and social skills of individuals through structured group interaction
- many different ways to organize groupwork depending on the objectives

Group Treatment

a planned process for creating changes in individuals by bringing them together for this purpose
- helper therapy principle (therapeutic for the helper)

Family Treatment

A form of treatment that views psychological problems and their treatment in terms of the interactions among family members

community organization

a method of social work practice that involves the development of community resources to meet human needs
- organize citizens to use their voice

policy analysis

Analysis that involves evaluating existing policies and assessing possible alternatives to deal with particular problems

trait approach to leadership

a view of leadership that identifies specific qualities or characteristics of effective leaders
- leaders are born

Machiavellian leadership

Leadership based on the beliefs that people are basically weak, fallible, and gullible, and not particularly trustworthy; others are impersonal objects; and one should manipulate others whenever it is necessary to achieve one's ends.

Position Approach to Leadership

levels of leadership
- hierarchical

Authoritarian Leaders

leaders who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members

distributed functions approach to leadership

- each person has a different purpose and function in the group
- each member will have a chance to lead

servant-leadership style to leadership

help your group members to achieve their goals

Task Roles

Move the group toward the attainment of its goals
- help/hinder a groups ability to accomplish its goal
- facilitating, co-coordinating behaviors like suggesting/problem solving

Maintenance Roles

improve social/emotional atmosphere of the groups

Power Bases

- source of power
reward, coercive, legitimate, expert, referent

Reward Power Base

based on the ability to provide rewards for desired behavior
- pros: increases attraction to do someone
- cons: members may feel conned/bribed

Coercive Power Base

the ability of a leader to give or take away privileges or rights
- pros: decrease the attraction to do something
- cons: threats, distrusts

Legitimate Power Base

power base comes with a designated position usually agreed or voted on by a community or governing body

Referent Power Base

comes from followers of an individual's looks or attributes
- person identifies with the individual
- feeling of oneness

Expert Power Base

Comes from knowledge or expertise of an individual in a given field
- members trust the expert

Manipulation

decreases cooperation and creates serious maintenance problems

Group Leaders Address Conflict

- use group norms to address problems
- two-way listening
- influence others in a positive way

leadership style approach

how power is shaped and addressed
- authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire

Democratic Leaders

leaders who encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building
- members motivated to implement group decisions

Laissez-faire Leaders

leaders who are only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions
- only works when members are committed to a course of action

Cooperation

members in agreement and exert power in the same direction, mutual encouragement

Power v. Influence

capacity of an individual to carry out actions/behave in a certain way

effects of unequal power

members may fear sharing because they fear manipulation or because they don't want to reveal any weaknesses

operational goal

directly translated into specific actions to achieve goal

nonoperational goal

cannot be achieved through specific actions

operational, measurable goals

guide members and group planning/working on tasks, facilitate the communication

hidden agenda

a personal goal held by a member but unknown to other group members, which interferes with the group's efforts
- have to evaluate if confrontation would be beneficial to the group
- make sure to avoid blame

nominal group

a collection of individuals whose results are pooled but who never interact with one another
- encourages everyone to think about their own opinions

norms

rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviors in specific situations
- Ex: reciprocity, fair play, responsibility
- learn through positive and negative reinforcement

Conforming

yielding to group pressure
- expedient conformity
- true conformity

Expedient conformity

external agreement, internal disagreement

true conformity

outward and inward agreement

idiosyncracy credits

the tolerance a person earns, over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough credits are earned, the person can, on occasion, deviate from the group without retribution

social comparison theory

people rely on other people as comparative points of reference

homogeneity of groups

group goals are similar to individual goals are more likely to be successful because the individual goals can work toward the group goal
- cooperation

heterogeneity of groups

- diversity
- Increased experience and info: creative thinking and complex problem solving
- Disagreement, conflict, lack of cohesion and execution
- competition

autokinetic effect of conformity

study performed by Sherif that found that the membership of a group determines how much of what individual will see, learn, think about, and do

Asch's conformity study

a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure
- more than 1/3 of people conformed to group judgments

Cooperative Group

open and honest communication, trust, pooling of resources, and cohesion

Competitive Group

members perceive their personal goals to be incompatible , different, conflicting, or mutually exclusive

What happens when norms are not enforced?

they start to lose meaning, more people break the norms

autocratic leadership

A form of leadership in which the leader makes decisions on his or her own and then announces those decisions to the group.
- discourages commitment
- less satisfying to members
- may lead to disruptive behavior

group norm

rules that specify proper group behavior and is accepted by the majority of the group

importance of group goals

- effectiveness and efficiency of group can be assessed by degree to which goals are attained
- provide direction and guidance to groups

Group Qualities to Decrease Disruptive Behavior

- Identify and incorporate individual goals into group goals
- Group commitment
- Leadership
- Clarity and measurability of group goals decrease probability of disruptive behavior

Leader Qualities to Decrease Disruptive Behavior

- Organization
- Relevance of material
- Meeting social/emotional needs of group
- Partiality/impartiality
- Assertiveness/Competence v. aggression
- Performance confrontation

encoding

translate your thoughts and feelings into symbols that can be understood by others

decoding

message interpreted in terms of thoughts/feelings that mean something to the receiver

leveling

quantity of information reduced (fewer details/words)
- remember less than we receive

Sharpening

some parts of message become dominant and are more easily remembered

Assimilation

receivers interpret info by means of their own context

Projection

unconsciously attribute their unacceptable ideas and impulses to others

Displacement

hostile or aggressive feelings are vented against safer objects or people rather than one's who caused the feelings

Reaction Formation

acting opposite to the way they feel