APH Ch 1 introduction to A+P

Anatomy

deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts

Physiology

studies the functions of body parts

function relies on its

structure

apoptosis

programmed cell death

macromolecules

lipid, protein, nuclei acid, carbohydrates

organelle

vesicles, cytoplasm, cytosol, lysosome, peroxisome, vacuoles, membrane, golgi apparatus, ER, ribosome, mitochondria, nucleus

cell

smallest unit of life

Diagnostic tools

x-ray

MRI

ultrasoun

CT scan

PET scan

Atoms

are the simplest level

Two or more atoms comprise a

molecule

Macromolecules

are large, biologically important molecules inside cells

Organelles

are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell

Cells

are the basic living unit

Tissues

are groups of cells functioning together

Groups

of tissues form organs

organ systems

Groups of organs function together as

organism

Organ systems functioning together make up an

metabolism

break down/ buildup of molecules

Movement (internal or gross)

move around in environment (food, blood, etc)

Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change)

body ability to respond to change (hunger, shiver, sickness, sweating, pupil dilation)

Growth (increase in size without change in shape)

if you change shape you change the function

Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)

making more of yourself (pregnancy)

Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2)

breathe in oxygen

breathe out carbon dioxide

Digestion

(breakdown of food into simpler forms)

Absorption

(movement of substances through membranes and into fluids)

Circulation (movement within body fluids)

blood, lymph nodes

Assimilation

(changing nutrients into chemically different forms)

Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)

urination, poop, sweat out of pores

interelated DAA

digestion, absorption, assimilation

Water (required for metabolic reactions, for transport of substances, for temperature regulation)

assimilation, digestion, circulation

Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materials for building new living matter)

growth, assimilation, digeston, absorbstion

Oxygen (used in releasing energy from nutrients)

respiration

Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence governs the rate at which reactions occur)

responsiveness, circulation

Pressure (force required to facilitate movement of air or fluids)

blood pressure, respiration, pressure inside vs outside your body

Normal vital signs change with

age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and overall health (physically active/ fit)

Blood pressure: 90/60 mm/Hg to 120/80 mm/Hg

normal resting condition range

contract #/ release #

Breathing: 12 - 18 breaths per minute

brain can manipulate

Pulse: 60 - 100 beats per minute

high or low at rest

Temperature: 97.8 - 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit / average 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

higer if working out/ fever

103 degrees is bad

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

is called

homeostasis

Homeostasis is regulated through control

systems which have

receptors, a set point and effectors in common

stimulus

change occurs in internal environment (in or outside body)

receptors

pick up change in environment

control center (set point)

change is compared to the set point

effectors

(muscles or glands)

response (change is corrected)

correcting the change

positive feedback loop (can not be controlled)

to keep going beyond the set point

child birth or blood clots

negative feedback loop (can be controlled)

to stop once set point is reached

sweating

anatomical position

how it lies in the body not how you are seeing it / facing forward palms up toes forward

cranial cavity

houses brain

vertebral canal

houses spinal cord

thoracic cavity

houses lungs and heart

diaphragm is the

dividing point between thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm

muscle that allows air to fill lungs (can cause hiccups)

abdominalpelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

houses liver

pelvic cavity

houses reproductive organs

cavities hold

organs (viscera)

mediastinum

separates thoracic cavity from right to left

appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs

axial portion

head, neck, and trunk

dorsal (back)

posterior

ventral (front)

anterior

The dorsal cavity can be divided into the

cranial cavity and vertebral canal

The ventral cavity is made up of a

thoracic cavity and an abdominopelvic cavity,

separated by the diaphragm

visceral pleura

pleural cavity

parietal pleura

lungs

visceral pericardium

pericardial cavity

parietal pericardium

heart

visceral peritoneum

peritoneal cavity

parietal peritoneum

abdominal plevic

visceral

organ itself / covering of organ

parietal

cavity / covering inside a cavity (membrane)

sagittal section divides the body into

right and left portions

transverse (“cross section” )section divides the body into

superior and inferior portions

coronal section divides the body into

anterior and posterior sections

cross section

oblique diagonal cut

longitudinal cut

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

GL

gallbladder

liver

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

appendix

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

SS

spleen

stomach